Use of database Essay Example for Free

Use of database EssayComputer technology has given many precious gifts to mankind. One of them is the database technology. It has made administration, trade and commerce very easy, fine and fast. Operations which used to take large judgment of conviction, and were still profuse of errors, are now managed in few seconds, and are cent percent free of errors. At the heart of this remarkable success is the software schedule, which helps creation, segmentation , categorization and retrieval of databases. These computer programs are known as database management transcriptions, DBMS programs have a long history. Starting from very simple programs in 1960s they have developed into large, complex software packages like Oracle. succession the management functions remain the same, the utility survey and the facilities maintained in unuseder versions differ vastly from their predecessors. This essay briefly analyzes the DBMS program used in a particular department of an organizati on and proposes hoe improvements could be made over the existing use of DBMS program. The organization is a market research agency. One of the departments is pharmaceutical research. The function of this department is to gather prescriptions of doctors from various(a)geographic locations across the country, analyze the symptoms, diagnosis and the medicines prescribed by the Doctor. These prescriptions are codified according to standardized international codes. Based on this coding, a infer report is then prepared, which specifies which drug is used more in a given geographic location. This market research is very important to pharmaceutical companies for making their marketing strategies. Here, the database program used for coding the symptoms, diagnosis and drugs is taken as an example for analysis. First, the function of coding is explained with an example.Visits a doctor with a complaint of billow throat and difficulty in swallowing, coupled with fever. According to the dir ectory of codes of symptoms of the company, symptom soar throat has a code 3323, difficulty in swallowing has a code 1018 and fever has a code 1286. If the doctor diagonizes throat infection as the cause for these symptoms, the code for it, as specified by WHO is J029. (ICD-10). Now, the doctor prescribes MOX-500 capsules, a drug which has Amoxycillin as its main content. The code of this drug is 05377-73, as per the company specification.Those who do this coding job have to frequently refer to each code. The sum total of symptoms, diagnosis and drugs runs into a few thousand entries. Manual reference to these codes is very cumbersome. A database management program is designed to aids the computer programmers. The package used is Foxpro. It is a twain way system, wherein, the code could be traced if the stimulate is given as an input and the name is given as an fall output if the number is given as an input. So, the coder can trace the code from any name and conversely, the nam e can overly be traced with thehelp of a numeric code. Like all the state of matter ground programs, this program is a very robust program, and easy to use. Name to Number program This program contains all the data associate to the symptoms, diagnosis and the drugs. While the name and its respective code are the main parameters displayed, the drug table also reveals the type of drug e. g. syrup. Tablet, capsule, injection etc and its respective capacities e. g. 5 ml, 200mg etc. creation a DOS based program, the database is indexed by the computer, each time it is accessed. The key command for a new entry are alt-s keys on the keyboard. Even if the full name is non types, the program takes to the alphabetically ordered names of the data. For example, if only soar is typed as a new entry, the program gives and output of the first entry, out of all the entries starting from alphabets soar, or just typing pen will take the user to the first entry alphabetically listed with pen as the first three letters. The cursor needs to be taken down to locate the drug penicillin. Instructions regarding the keyboard controls for retrieval of information, traverse of the cursorand exit from the program are permanently displayed at the bottom of the entomb. These are the read only features. This means only three operations are possible on the program by the coder. Either he can type a name and get the code, or he can traverse the cursor or he can exit. It bears typical resemblance to the WordStar program, where the controls for operations were displayed whenever the program used to start. It is a completely textual program, simply because the basic software package, Foxpro/ Dos version, did not offer any GUI facilities. Like all otherDOS based programs, colors are non existent in this program. It is a black and white screen throughout its use. Number name program Many times the coder need a reverse retrieval to be performed. That is, given a number, the identical na me of the symptom, diagnosis and the drug is to be traced. This program offers this facility also. When the number is entered, its validity is checked and if it is a correct number corresponding to the database, then the name of the drug, diagnosis or the symptom is given out as an output. In the case of drug display, the other parameters likethe type e. g. syrup, tablet, capsule etc are also displayed. This part also has all the features and limitations typically associated with a DOS based program. This program, even in its present form, based on the technology of early nineties is extremely useful to the coders. Especially when it comes to coding few hundred prescriptions every day, this program helps in a speedy and precise coding procedure. The codes are create verbally manually by the coder on a printed form on paper. Improvements Several improvements are not only possible on the current system but it is a necessary demand of time.First, Windows 98 is soon expiring as the l ast GUI operating system which can support DOS based applications. The next most popular OS, Windows-XP does not support DOS based applications. Even the new and latest processors like the Dual Core by Pentium and motherboards, do not support Windows-98. Hence, technically, it will be impossible to run this program, the latest computers. It is the demand of time, that a Windows based DBMS used. This can be MS Access, Foxpro/ Win, or Oracle, but a switch over to GUI based application using is a must. Second, the codes, after being retrieved, are written manually.A new application needs to be developed, wherein the need to write the codes separately on a different sheet is eliminated. The coder inserts the name of the symptom, diagnosis or the drug and the corresponding number of the code should be automatically entered in the blank format of the form. The concept of relational database comes into picture over here. The database needs to be related to many blank forms, in such a way that a new form comes on the screen no sooner one is over. As soon as the name is typed in the form, the code must be retrieved by the software and entered in the form.The third factor is to add the utility shelter of the program. The same program can be extended to keep a record of the name of the coder who has accessed this program and the amount of work done by him/her. This feature facilitates speedy calculation of the monetary remuneration to be given to the coder. A record of signing in time and sign out time will also tell how much time the coder has put in. This record would be useful to gauge the efficiency of the coder. Seeing to the requirements of the improved version, a switch over to Oracle is more desirable, for the versatility and flexibility it offers.One more issue arises out of this discussion. Is the development in computers heading in the right burster? Despite all the progress in the software industry, no program has been able to replace the command. com fil e of DOS. All versions of Windows also rely upon DOS for their booting functions. Similarly, coders do not have any problem with the program they are working at present, which is over a decade old. The basic question is Is all the development necessary? Or is it that needs are first created and then devices are made to suffice them? Or is it that underthe umbrella of user friendly broadside Gates has prevented people from getting to know the inner aspects of a computer? A calculator was a good invention, but has it always helped mankind? Has it not put limitations on the mental calculating capacities? Our ancestors had no problems in adding 40 numbers , fast and precise. For the present generation it is impossible. The developments in computers, have reduced the computer, a PC, to a mere entertainment tool, and the internet has become a tool for chat and social networking for a vast majority of users. Any development is factual only if it helps in sharpening of minds, not rusting it

Indigenous Australians and Native Hawaiians Essay Example for Free

endemical Australians and aborigine Hawaiians EssayIndigenous Tourism is about reciprocity among humans and landscapeslearning to responsibly manage the impacts of touristry activities in ship canal that benefit local communities economically, socially, culturally and ecologically1. Indigenous Tourism encompasses tourism merchandise that provides consenting contact with Aboriginal people, culture or land. The term is also utilize to businesses that are either Aboriginal owned or part owned or that employ Aboriginal people.Indigenous Tourism encompasses all tourism product opportunities Cultural Heritage, Adventure, Rural, Leisure, Educational, Arts and Crafts and provision of tourism services2. Indigenous History of the Australian and Hawaiian people The Indigenous cultures of Australia are the oldest living cultural accounting in the world, going back 50,000 65,000 years3. Their heritage was kept alive by passing their knowledge, arts, rituals and performances from unma tched generation to another3. Similarly, the Indigenous Hawaiians had no form of writing and preserved their history through chants and legends.Both cultures suffered heavy losses from the discovery of their lands by European explorers, with Indigenous Australians facing trauma such as the stolen generation, and the Native Hawaiians having their culture and speech discarded and forced into speaking English and adapting to the European culture45. In more recent times, twain cultures have experienced resurgence in encouragement to pressure their cultures. Gatherings and addresses in Australia now acknowledge the original custodians of the land they stand on,6 and there are now Indigenous Australian Football and Rugby League teams, both called the Indigenous All Stars7.In the 1990s for Native Hawaiians, several factors led to big changes. The majority of sugar and pineapple plantations shut down, while different bucolic crops like macadamias and coffee beans took over. Film and tel evision also contributed to the growth of Hawaiis tourism industry. Similar to the official apology issued to the Aboriginal People by Kevin Rudd in 2008, President Clinton passed a public law in 1993 formally apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893. 8 Land is of the essence(predicate) to Indigenous Australians as it is fundamental to the wellbeing of Aboriginal people.For Indigenous Australians, the land is the core of all spirituality and this relationship and the spirit of country is central to the issues that are important to Indigenous people today9. In contrary, the Native Hawaiians view family or ohana as important. The ohana provides food, shelter, and education for their children, giving them emotional support, love, and security. 10 Attractions The most popular activities underinterpreted by tourists who travelled to Australia in 2009 for the purpose of Indigenous tourism were Aboriginal art/craft, visiting Aboriginal commits and attending an Abori ginal performance.Experiencing Aboriginal art/craft or a cultural display was the most popular activity with 75% of Indigenous Tourism visitors participating in this activity. Second popular was visiting an Aboriginal site with attracted 39% of the visitors, while attending and Aboriginal performance attracted 27% of visitors11. In Hawaii during 2011, Local shop/artisans (71. 3%) were popular with U. S. West visitors, particularly on Kauai (77. 4%), Maui (75. 4%) and Kona (71. 4%) but less so on Oahu (61. 4%), Hilo (42. 6%) or Lanai (19. 8%).12 Economic Impacts Nationally, the nature-based tourism sector contributes $23 billion to the Australian economy each year. It is estimated that Kakadu and Uluru-Kata Tjuta national parks alone contribute more than $320 million a year to regional economies in the Northern Territory, with about 740 jobs either directly or indirectly associated with park visitation (Gillespie Economics and BDA Group 2008)13 Tourism is one of the few sustainable l ivelihood activities accessible to rural or remote indigenous Australian communities.This also means that actual wealth is created, rather than wealth created through Government handouts. 14 Contrary to the positive impacts Indigenous tourism has on Indigenous Australians, tourism in Hawaii isnt as good to its native residents. Most money made through the Indigenous tourism industry goes right back to owners of the land and hotels, who are often foreign as almost every major hotel in Hawaii is owned by foreign investors and is being funded by foreign investment. 15 Environmental ImpactsIndigenous tourism in Australia for the most part has no environmental impact, as most indigenous activities involve respecting the land. Also, the Australian government has worked with the Indigenous Australians to return land to them that was taken over twenty years ago. 16 In Hawaii however, as many foreign investors move to Hawaii to start large business, such as hotel chains or casinos specifica lly designed to make money off of tourists, many Native Hawaiians have been evicted from their own land to make way for these developments.The adjoin beaches of Hawaii also become polluted from the boats people use to get to the island, as well as the jet skis people ride along the coastline. 17 Socio-cultural Impacts While the economic and environmental impacts of Indigenous tourism on Indigenous Australians are mostly positive, the socio-cultural impacts arent always positive. Lack of information, false impressions, misinformation, poor conversation and poor knowledge can lead to Indigenous Australians feeling as though people arent properly appreciating or respecting their culture.18 In Hawaii, Native Hawaiians feel alienated from their own land, as it is taken from them and turned into hotels and resorts. Many Native Hawaiians also feel as though their culture is losing meaning as it is being used increasingly more as tool to make more money. 19 Analysis of bias in sources Mos t sources used in this assignment were Government sites or reports done by experts, which are free from bias and simply present the facts.However a few sites were written from the view of locals in their respective countries and it is likely that these sources were not free from bias as many locals, especially those in Hawaii, who felt quite hostile towards those in the tourism industry. Conclusion Indigenous Tourism in Australia appears to be on the right track, as the Government has and still is working with Indigenous Australians to develop tourism in a way that is considerate of their beliefs and customs.In Hawaii, however, much work is needed to develop tourism in a way that considers the customs and traditions of the Native Hawaiians, as well as their feelings. Some control of the tourism industry needs to be handed back to the traditional custodians of the land, and more intervention from Governments is needed to treasure the environment from pollution and overcrowding. Bib liography Culturalsurvival. org. 2014. The Aloha Industry For Hawaiian women, tourism is not a neutral industry. Cultural Survival. online addressable at http//www. culturalsurvival. org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-aloha-industry-for-hawaiian-women-tourism-not-a-neutral-industry Accessed 3 marching 2014. Hawaiitourismauthority. org.2014. Historical Visitor Statistics Hawaii Tourism Authority. online Available at http//www. hawaiitourismauthority. org/research/reports/historical-visitor-statistics/ Accessed 4 cocker 2014. Indigenous Tourism in Australia. 2014. pdf Australian Government. http//www. waitoc. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Indigenous_Tourism_in_Australia_FINAL. pdf Accessed 5 Mar 2014. Slideshare. net. 2014. Tourism Impacts on Indigenous people. online Available at http//www. slideshare. net/guest809599/tourism-impacts-on-indigenous-people Accessed 5 Mar 2014.Sustainabletourismonline. com. 2014. Indigenous Tourism Sustainable Tourism Online. online Available at http//www. sustainabletourismonline. com/indigenous-tourism Accessed 5 Mar 2014. Waimea. com. 2014. All about Hawaii Culture. online Available at http//www. waimea. com/culture. html Accessed 4 Mar 2014. www. hawaiiactivities. com. 2014. Hawaii tours activities, fun things to do in Hawaii HawaiiActivities. com. online Available at http//www. hawaiiactivities. com/ Accessed 3 Mar 2014.

Enhanced Oil Recovery By In Situ Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay

Enhanced cover colour Recovery By In Situ burning at the stake environmental Sciences EssayEnhanced crude recovery is rock oil recovery by the scene of materials not normally present in the man-make lake. In situ Combustion (ISC) is the suffice of an enhanced oil recovery affect to improve the recovery of surd crude oil. As it is the oldest thermal recovery technique, it has been used for over nine decades with umteen economically successful projects. Nevertheless, it is regarded as a richly-risk functioning by many, primarily because of many failures of early handle tests. Most of those failures came from application of a equitable forge (ISC) to the wrong authors or to the poorest prospects. This paper contains a description of ISC, a discussion of laboratory screening techniques, an illustration of how to apply laboratory results to vault of heaven frame, a discussion of operational practices and problems, and an analysis of field results. For complete review, t he case study is do on Balol and Santhal fields in Mehsana.In-situ burning has been known since 1888. Mendeleev was the firstborn scientist to suggest the in place conversion of coal into combustible triggermanes. Based on the earlier laboratory results, Sheinman and Dubrovai in 1934 proposed the processed the process of oil displacement by means of a moving underground fire- precedent. A number of field tests, were performed in various constituents in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The results from these tests indicated that the ignite losses were king-sized, therefore the injected racy gases reached the formation geographical partition with zero thermal energy. These studies however were followed by laboratory research field tests and development of mathematical good fonts to simulate untouched burn as a result of which this process has been recognized and preempt be used as a promising method of recovering heavy oil from petroleum reservoirs.The principle of in -situ fire is to achieve flame within the pores of hydro ampere-second-bearing reservoir, burning part of the oil in place in ordering to improve the endure of the unburned part. Combustion is body forthed by the injection of advertize into the reservoir at one or much rise up. The heat up gene regularised during electro disregardion is ample to raise the rock to a high enough temperature to enable the combustion previous to self propagate later initial ignition by change magnitude mobility of the fluid.MethodologyThe in-situ combustion process was applied to petroleum reservoirs depending on wide range of characteristics like Nature of formation, sense, temperature, reservoir thickness, permeability, porosity and oil intensiveness in order to recover oil. Pressure is similarly a portion that not much critical.The process was applied in reservoirs with average permeability ranging from 40 to 8000mD, whereas the oil impregnation varied from 25 to 95%. In addition fuel content is one of the most important factors influencing the success of a fireflood process. The fuel content of the reservoir is the amount of puff available for combustion that is deposited on reservoir rock as a result of distillation and thermal cracking. If the fuel content is too low, the combustion process in the reservoir housenot be self sustained. Moreover, a high fuel content requires a large amount of send out and high power appeal which means low oil doing. Gates and Ramey (1980) compared the estimated fuel content by various methods including laboratory results with that of field project data. It has been shown that fuel content determined experimentally in the laboratory by tube -run method heap provide a reasonably satisfactory estimation of the fuel content obtained in the field.In situ combustion is basically injection of an oxidizing gas (air or oxygen-enriched air) to generate heat by burning a portion of the resident oil. Most of the oil is driven to wards the producers by a combination of gas drive (from the combustion gases), move and piddle drive. This process is also called fire flooding to describe the movement of a burning front inside the reservoir. Based on the respective directions of front propagation and air flow, the process can be forward, when the combustion front advances in the same direction as the air flow, or reverse, when the front moves a stumblest the air flow.Reverse CombustionThis process has been studied extensively in laboratories and has been field tested. In brief, it has not been successful economically for two major reasons. First, combustion started at the producer results in hot produced fluids that often contain unreacted oxygen. These conditions require special, high-cost tubular to protect against high temperatures and corrosion. More oxygen is required to propagate the front compared to forward combustion, thus increasing the major cost of operating an in situ combustion project. Second, un reacted, coke-like heavy ends leave behind remain in the burned portion of the reservoir. At some time in the process the coke provide start to burn and the process will revert to forward combustion with considerable heat generation but little oil mathematical product. This has occurred even in care full moony controlled laboratory experiments. In summary reverse combustion has been found difficult to apply and economically unattractive. foregoing CombustionForward combustion can be further characterized as dry when only air or enriched air are injected or wet when air and water are co-injected.Dry Forward CombustionThe first step in dry forward ISC is to ignite the oil. In some cases auto-ignition occurs when air injection begins if the reservoir temperature is fairly high and the oil reasonably reactive. Artificial tinder has been induced apply down hole gas burners, electrical heaters, and/or injection of pyrophoric agents or steam injection.Figure schematic illustration of the in-situ combustion process (Source) aft(prenominal) ignition the combustion front is propagated by a continuous flow of air. As the front surfacees into the reservoir, several regularizes exist between injector and producer as a result of heat and mass transport and the chemical reactions. The above body-build is an idealized representation of the various zones and the resulting temperature and fluid saturation distributions. In the field there are transitions between zones.A. The burned zone is the volume already burned. This zone is filled with air and whitethorn contain small amounts of residual unburned organic solids. As it has been subjected to high temperatures, mineral alterations are possible. Because of the continuous airflow from the injector, the burned zone temperature increments from injected air temperature at the injector to combustion front temperature at the combustion front.B. The combustion front is the highest temperature zone. It is very thin, often no more than several inches thick. It is in this region that oxygen combines with the fuel and high temperature oxidation occurs. The products of the burning reactions are water and carbon oxides. The fuel is often misnamed coke. In fact it is not pure carbon but a hydrocarbon with H/C atomic ratios ranging from about 0.6 to 2.0. This fuel is formed in the thermal cracking zone just ahead of the front and is the product of cracking and pyrolisis which is deposited on the rock intercellular substance. The amount of fuel burned is an important parameter because it determines how much air must be injected to burn a certain volume of reservoir.C/D. The cracking/vaporization zone is downstream of the front. The crude is modified in this zone by the high temperature of the combustion process. The alight ends vaporize and are transported downstream where they condense and mix with the original crude. The heavy ends pyrolize, resulting in CO2 , CO, hydrocarbon gases and solid organic fuel de posited on the rock.E. The steam plateau. This is the zone where some of the hydrocarbon vapors condense. Most of those condense further downstream as the steam condenses. The steam plateau temperature depends on the partial compress of the water in the gas phase. Depending on the temperature the original oil may undergo a mild thermal cracking, often named visbreaking that usually reduces oil viscosity.F. A water rely exists at the leading edge of the steam plateau where the temperature is less than steam saturation temperature. This water bank decreases in temperature and saturation downstream, with a resulting increase in oil saturation.G. The oil bank. This zone contains most of the displaced oil including most of the light ends that result from thermal cracking.H. Beyond these affected nations is the undisturbed original reservoir. Gas saturation will increase only slightly in this area because of the high mobility of combustion gases.Wet Forward CombustionA large amount of heat is stored in the burned zone during dry forward in situ combustion, because the low heat capacity of air cannot transfer that heat efficiently. Water injected with the air can capture and advance more heat stored in the burned zone. During wet combustion injected water absorbs the heat from the burned zone, vaporizes, moves through the burning front and condenses, expanding the steam plateau. This results in faster heat movement and oil displacement. Depending on the water/air ratio, wet combustion is classified as (1) incomplete when the water is converted into superheated steam and recovers only part of the heat from the burned zone, (2) normal when all the heat from the burned zone is recovered, and (3) quenched or super wet when the front temperature declines as a result of the injected water.ISC requires particular attention to air compression, ignition, rise up design, completion, and production practices. Air compression causes high temperatures because of the high c p / cv ratio of air. Compressor design must consider these high temperatures to ensure continuous, sustained operations free from the corrosive effects of air and the explosion hazards of some lubricating fluids. mineral oils are not recommended. Synthetic lubricants withstand the higher temperatures and offer lower volatility and flammability than conventional lubricants.In order to achieve the combustion in the petroleum reservoir, mainly Spontaneous ignition and Artificial ignition are the two methods that are used for heavy oil recovery. Ignition can occur ad libitum if the oil is reactive, the reservoir temperature high enough, and the reservoir is reasonably thick. Down hole gas-fired burners allow good control of the temperature of injected gases and may be operated at a greater depth than other methods. The disadvantages include the need to run multiple tubing strings in the injection come up. Catalytic heaters run at lower temperatures but are expensive. Electrical heaters c an be lowered with a single cable, and can provide excellent temperature control. They can be reused repeatedly. There is, however, a depth limitation because of electrical power losses in the cable. Chemically enhanced ignition may require handling and storage of dangerous materials. Steam may be used to locally increase reservoir temperature and facilitate auto ignition. It suffers from depth limitation because of wellbore heat losses, but when the conditions are right it can be a very simple and effective method for ignition. Combustion process was also employed as primary and tertiary recovery processes.ApplicationsIn situ combustion can be applied to many different reservoirs. Some suggested screening guidelines areNature of the Formation The rock type is not important provided that the matrix/oil system is reactive enough to sustain combustion. As in any drive process, high permeability streaks are detrimental. Swelling clays may be a problem in the steam plateau area.Depth D epth should be large enough to ensure containment of the injected air in the reservoir. There is no depth limit, except that this may affect the injection pressure.Pressure Pressure will affect the economics of the process, but does not affect the technical aspects of combustion.Temperature Temperature will affect auto ignition but is otherwise not critical.Reservoir Thickness Thickness should be greater than about 4m (15 ft) 2,3 to avoid excessive heat losses to surrounding formations. Very thick formations may present sweep aptitude problems because of gravity override.Permeability This has to be sufficient to allow injection of air at the designed air flux. The air injectivity is especially important for heavy oil reservoirs. Conditions are preferable when kh / is greater than about 5md m/cp.3Porosity and Oil Saturation These have to be large enough to allow economic oil recovery. The product, So , needs to be greater than 0.08 for combustion to be economically successful.Oil Gravity This parameter is not critical. Insitu viscosity has to be low enough to allow air injection and resulting oil production at the design rate.Oil Nature In heavy oil projects the oil should be readily oxidizable at reservoir and rock matrix conditions. The laboratory experiments can also determine the amount of air needed to burn a make passn reservoir volume. This is key to the profitability of the process.Current Status of In-Situ CombustionThe in-situ combustion process is attractive economically, provided it is applied to petroleum reservoirs containing approximately 50% oil saturation. The fuel content is one of the important parameters for combustion support at a relatively low air/oil ratio. Although laboratory experiments can provide some basic understanding of the process, the primary evaluation factor is a field application before the process is employed on a large scale.The present status of oil production by in-situ combustion in the United States is nearly 11,00 0 bbl/day. The commercial dry ISC project at Romania is the largest project of its kind and it has been in operation for more than 34 years. The Balol and Santhal projects in India have been in operation for more than seven years and have been applied in a wet mode. Currently, combined all these cardinal projects produce approximately 2300m3 /day. It is likely that very little laboratory research can be performed to improve the displacement efficiency of this process. With continued improvement of the in-situ combustion technology, it is almost certain that some form of this process, such as dry, wet, and partially quenched combustion, will find greater application in the attack years.Currently, commercial In situ combustion projects areEconomic EvaluationIt is recognized that the success or failure of an enhanced oil recovery process depends on the economic evaluation. An economic study completed by Wilson and Root (1966), which is based on a modified form of two-dimensional rep resentative presented by Chu, compares the cost of heating a reservoir. The cost comparison was studied for a reservoir either in the presence of steam injection or forward combustion without oil production. The main consideration was to determine heating cost of the same dimensions of a reservoir by either steam injection or by forward combustion. The following conclusions were drawn from this study(1) Combustion is favored over steam injection as the sand thickness decreases the pressure increase.(2) As the coke deposition increases, steam injection is favored over the combustion process.(3) As the heated distance in the reservoir increases, reservoir heating by combustion is more favorable as compared to steam injection.(4) Decreased injection rated favors the cost of steam injection relative to air.(5) Increased wellbore losses with increasing depth favor combustion.ConclusionsIt has been shown that in-situ combustion process is sheathable to displace oils of gravities greater than 10 degree API. The average oil recovery by employing in-situ combustion is 50%. The major amount of oil is recovered before breakthrough of the combustion zone. For heavy oils, about 50% crude oil recovery occurs after breakthrough, whereas low-viscosity oil production declines very rapidly following breakthrough. The breakthrough of combustion zone can be recognized by an increase in gas production and its oxygen content. This is followed by a sharp increase ranging from 100 degree to 200 degree Fahrenheit in bottom hole temperature. In addition, the increase in water cut of the produced oil also indicates the breakthrough of the combustion zone. At the same time, pH of the produced water decreases, which is usually due to increase in the content of ions such as iron and sulphate.CASE STUDYIN-SITU COMBUSTION AT MEHSANA, GUJARAT.Mehsana asset, located in the northern part of Gujarat state in India is the highest oil producing onshore asset of ONGC with annual crude oil producti on of 2.35 MMT. Its having oil fields producing both heaviest crude and the lightest crude in India with API gravity ranging from 13 42. Balol and Santhal fields form a part of this heavy oil belt with a API gravity 15-18. Balol and Santhal field encompass 22.17 MMT and 53.56 MMT of oil in place respectively. The crude is asphaltic in nature containing 6-8% asphaltene and the oil viscosity ranges from 50-450 cps at reservoir pressure of 100 kg/cm and 70 C temperature. Reservoirs have the permeability of the order of 3-8 darcies and are operating under active water drive. Subsequent Artificial lift methods resulted into high water production than oil. In many wells it became 95-100% and some wells had to be closed due to high water cut. The poor primary and secondary necessitated for In-Situ combustion technique in these fields.Exploitation of heavy oil from these heavy oil fields was a challenge for Mehsana asset. Based on results of laboratory studies, the In-situ combustion proce ss was identified as the most suitable technique for enhancing the recovery from these fields.PILOT SCHEMEA pilot test was designed and initiated in 5.5 acre area of southern part of Balol field in 1990-91. The first well CP10 and thereafter Balol171 were ignited with the help of foreign experts. The sustained combustion and production gain from nearby producers lead to conceptualization of the commercialization schemes in entire Balol field.In another attempt, a pilot scheme was also designed for Lanwa oil field and an inverted five slot pattern with four producer wells had been ignited in 1992. At present the commercialization of the scheme is in progress to enhance the production from the field. A pilot scheme is also running since 2002 in Bechraji field with four EOR injectors.COMMERCIAL SCHEMESBased on the techno-economic success of Balol pilot film project, commercial schemes were designed for entire Balol field for exploitation of heavy oil. Considering the similarities betw een the Balol and Santhal oil fields, this EOR technique has been implemented on a commercial scale in 1997 both at Balol and Santhal fields. Presently four commercial schemes viz. Balol Ph-1, Santhal Ph-1, Balol Main and Santhal Main are running successfully. Till date total 61 wells have been ignited in Balol and Santhal under these commercial schemes. More wells are in line for conversion into EOR injectors.For commercial exploitation of Balol and Santhal fields using In-situ combustion technique, four major air compressor plants, two, each in Balol and Santhal fields were set up. These plants supply compressed air to injector wells at reservoir conditions. Compressors except emergency air compressors at all the plants run on electricity. Combined installed capacity of these four plants is of compressing 4.9 NMm3/day air at upper limit pressure of 123 Kg/cm2. Since water is required to be injected subsequently during wet phase, facilities for water treatment and injection are als o installed in the respective plants. each these four plants are connected to each other with an integrated air grid network for better utilization of resources. A mobile unit called Ignition trailer is being used to initiate ignition process. Gas burners are used for artificial ignition in Mehsana.RESULTSAfter implementation of the technique, decline in production from Balol and Santhal fields was arrested. A number of wells have started flowing on self which were in artificial mode prior to in-situ combustion process. yield testing data of affected wells show the gradual increase in liquid production and decrease in water cut resulting increase in net oil production. Presently EOR gain from both the fields in the tune of 1200 TPD and air injection is in tune of 1.4MM Nm3/d. Production performance of these fields shows the gradual increase in oil production and decrease in W/C% with increasing number of injectors/air injection rate. It has not only given a new lease of life to Bal ol and Santhal fields but has also increased the oil recovery factor by 2-3 folds from 6-13% to 39-45%.OTHER HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECTONGC is one of the few organizations in the world, which has taken up In-situ combustion process on such a large scale. quantity 68 wells have been converted in EOR injectors at Mehsana Asset so far.Most of the EOR injectors are old producer wells. They have been converted to injector wells after proper washing and clean of wells.Ignition is being done in the reservoir at an average depth of 990 meters, having 100 Kg/cm2 pressure and 70 degree Celsius temperature.Present Air-Oil ratio in these fields is about 1160 Nm3/m3 and Air-Oil ratio on cumulative basis it stands at 985 Nm3/m3, which indicates quite good efficiency of ISC process.Figure Production profiles of Santhal and Balol fields (Source)MAJOR ISSUESOccurrence of Auto-IgnitionIn Mehsana Gas burner is being used for artificial ignition. In this method air is injected through the band and na tural gas through tubing. An aluminum plug fitted at the tip of burner prevents air and gas to mix. The plug pops out when gas injection pressure is more than air injection pressure and forms gas-air mixture at the bottom. A pyrophoric chemical is being used to initiate the flame. At well no. Balol A on 1998 the burner caught fire without lowering pyrophoric liquid. Burner temperature shot up to 910 degree Celsius and was soon controlled by ignition tem members. There was no damage to thermocouple and down-hole assembly in this well. After this incidence auto ignition occurred successively in another three wells. In last two wells Santhal B and Balol C, thermocouple got damaged. Ignition experts were inefficient to establish the reason and remedy for auto ignition. Due to this failure, ONGC had completely suspended all the ignition operations fearing further auto ignition and damage to thermocouple.A close study of all four cases of auto ignition revealed that gas injection was u sed to be done at full discharge rate of gas compressor. Due to this sudden release of huge amount of gas, a very rich mixture of air and gas forms making situation unguarded for auto ignition. To overhaul this problem, ignition team came up with an idea to put a cushion of an inert gas in the tubing before commencement gas injection. At the time of plug pop up, now this inert gas release first afterwards natural gas comes in pass with air. This cushion provide ample time between plug pop up and release of natural gas which facilitate in regulating the gas injection rate to prevent formation of unwanted combustible mixture. The whole idea was put up before the management which was promptly agreed and stony-broke the dead lock of suspended ignitions. After adoption of this technique till date no case of auto ignition encountered.EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF propagate COMPRESSORCompression of air at high pressure is a costly affair because of huge consumption of electricity. To mini mize this wastage of energy and for optimize the utilization of air compressors, it was thought to connect all the four plants with a common air grid. Subsequently the air grid was constructed using 6 and 4 dia pipelines as required. immediately compressors are being run as per the total air requirement. By using this grid, on an average INR 2.0 Crores per month (USD 5.3 million per annum) are being salve as electricity charges.FAILURE OF AFTER COOLER OF AIR COMPRESSORRunning of large air compressor is difficult in India especially during summer due to high temperature. It may lead to explosion at compressed air piping due to accumulation of carryover lubricants and high discharge temperature. Two incidents of bursting of 3rd stage (Final stage) after coolers of HP compressor had taken place at a compressor plant of Santhal field. As a remedy synthetic lubricant has been introduced. Further regular chemical cleaning of the lines is being carried-out and monitoring of operational p arameters has been intensified.OOZING OF AIR/FLUE GASESIn Mehsana, mostly old wells were used for injection as well as for production. In some cases failure of casing or cementation have observed and has caused pressure built-up in outer casing and even in some cases goop of gases/air from well site has also been observed. The remedies are1) New additives for cementation (like thermal cements and calcium aluminates) have been introduced which help to withstand higher temperatures.2) It is recommended to cement the casing to the full depth in case of new injector wells to prevent the risk of coming out of gas into overlying permeable layers.3) It is suggested by IEOT (ONGC Institute) to have casing of API 5CT L-80 13 Cr steel in new injector wells and tubing in all wells.4) New injector wells are being drilled to suit specially for in-situ combustion.5) Regular monitoring of injection pressure, annulus pressure and outer casing pressure.Research WorkFigure showing the working mode l made in the laboratoryThe working model for the In situ combustion was made in laboratory. In this model Injection well and the production well is present on the left and right side respectively, gas injection at high pressure, igniter is taken as the kitchen lighter, test tube is made as an artificial reservoir and ignition zone near the artificial reservoir and also the temperature showing device at the bottom of the production well. This model can be compared to the real conditions with the help of the following diagram.Figure In situ combustion process (source)There were many challenges during the modeling. These challenges were faced according to the need, economy and the factors available. For example reservoir simulation was not perfect, combustion zone was not able to be built exactly in the pores due to lack of oxygen supply. hence I discover that this process is very economical as compared to other EOR processes but it is very risky as injection of gas should be done a t correct place and ignition should be controlled then this process acts as magic recover the oil to 65%. I was successful in recovering the oil but the simulation problem was a main constraint of this working model as that requires a whole laboratory for its working. therefore according to my research heat loss should be minimum, combustion should be in controlled manner are the major challenges that should be overcome.And these can be overcome by calculating the area in which injection is to be done and what should be the ignition system use for ignition (whether a chemical can be used, artificial igniter at the combustion can be used or if the temperature of the bottom of the hole is very high that can give spontaneous ignition) should be preplanned according to the condition.The latest and important factor is the chemical injection to ignite the heavy crude oil, let us suppose the oil present there is very heavy oil that cannot be directly ignited for that situation a chemical can be injected inside which will burn first and then increases the temperature of the respective zone to such an extent that the oil present there will ignite and the further process should start.

John Lockes State Of Nature Philosophy Essay

John Lockes State Of Nature Philosophy EssayJohn Lockes press out of reputation is where hu publics exist without an established government or a social contract. It is a deposit of anarchy where there is completely no order or rules that quarter human behavior. There argon no laws to govern us and we are guided by our get instincts on what is right and wrong. According to Locke humans do non need a higher potence to control them and there can be a peaceful co-existence among people. There is no need for ace person to take charge to bring about order. People behave according to the laws of constitution which include natural liberty and moral equality. It is also cognize as our natural rights. John Locke believes that human bes are born with certain divine rights such as the right to live, the right to liberty and property. These natural rights wholly have the sole cap exponent of managing a malignonious society. Natural rights are rights of any species that exists outsid e the laws of the governing body. Fish that swim in the ocean do so by natural right not because legislation every last(predicate)ows them to do so. The presence of a ruler to carry out our rights is uncalled for. He points out that a autonomous, limits human liberty and our natural rights. Human beings are perfectly capable of governing themselves as the respect for our natural rights. The earth of nature is a landed e pass on of equality with no one having more than another. People can act freely without being held by any set of rules or laws that would curtail their freedom and happiness. Locke areas that God owns us and we are his property, therefore one has the right to protect themselves from harm. Humans have the right to stomach themselves and punish anyone who violates the state of nature. The state of nature is governed by the law of nature. The law of nature states that we should refrain from causing harm to to each one others life, liberty, and property. Locke say s that we should all treat each other as equal and doing harm to another is like doing harm to yourself. Rene Descartes is chasing me around the forest with a butcher knife and trying to kill me. Locke would argue that I did have the right to defend myself for my life was in danger. Descartes was harming my state of nature by trying to attack me. I have an obligation to punish him for he violated the laws of nature and caused me harm.The state of war is a state of enmity and destruction. Unlike the state of nature where we exists peacefully, the state of war is filled with malice and violence. We are constantly trying to influence our backs and protect ourselves. If any man is threatened by another he is in a state of war with that person. The innocent has the right to destroy the aggressor. Locke compares Descartes fight me to a wild beast attacking me. He states that whether it be a man or lion, the consequences are similar because it is logical for me to attack anyone or anythi ng that threatens my life. Rene Descartes is to be treated as a beast of prey. The state of war occurs when people exert unwelcome force on other people interfering with their own natural right and freedom without common authority. When one man uses force to deprive another of his life, health, possessions, or property, it becomes a state of war. The fundamental law of nature declares that man should preserve as much as possible, when all cannot be preserved and the safety of the innocent is preferred. One may destroy a man who makes war upon him. Self-defense is a corollary of the natural law and we have the right to our preservation. The law of self-preservation dictates that a person may kill another person in self-defense. So in a state of war, I do have the right to defend myself because I am preserving my life and keeping the enemy from harming it. It is logical to kill him for he put himself in a state of war with me and he has disobeyed the state of nature. I am able to des troy that which threatens me with destruction. Since there is no common authority, I myself can only be a judge of my own conscience. It is up to me to decide the fate of Descartes. The war does not end until the rapacious party offers peace and reparations for the damage done, until then the innocent party has the authority to destroy the aggressor. In a civil society, our natural rights life, liberty, and property is protected by the government. A civil society exists when there is chaos and an authority must be present to set things in orders. We channelise the authority to a legislative and executive power and must abide by the laws set forth by the government. Humans no longer have the ability to punish those who violates their state of nature. This job solely rests upon the authority. In a civil society, I would not be able to kill Descartes or decide his penalty. In a civil society, a state of war exerts in the manner except there are laws and the government determines th e penalisation of the aggressor.Question 6 Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes state of nature is where there is no supreme to put forth rules and regulations and human beings are living like wild beasts in the jungles. It is not a place where we can all peacefully co-exist amongst each other. It is filled with violence and we are constantly trying to escape death. Our equality is that we all want to kill each other. All men in the state of nature have a desire and allow to hurt those who endangers them. Our nature of human beings is to be selfish and we will strive to protect and achieve are selfish ends. Everyone is naturally willing to fight one another and it is every man against every man. There is no civil society and we live in continual fear. According to Hobbes, life with constant battles and no strong central government would be solitary, poor, brutish, and short. There are no laws to maintain order and people have the freedom to do whatever it is their hearts desire. A state of nature is simply a state a war and its a competition for the survival of the fittest. Humans are fighting with one another in order to survive. We will do anything to interference alive, even if it means taking another persons life. If I lived in a state of nature where food was scare, Descartes and I would kill each other in order to survive. Hobbes declares that a state of nature is horrible for there is no sense of what is right or wrong, except self-preservation. We are only looking later on ourselves and every person has a state of natural right to do anything one thinks is essential for preserving ones life. There is no jurisdiction and humans cannot be held responsible for their actions. People are at each other throats for survival, resources, and power. There is nothing to protect the weak against the strong. The strong will prey upon the weak and overpower them. Descartes being a strong man and I am a weak fragile girl, he can easily wipe me out. There is no sovereign to protect me from getting killed. In this state there is no sense of security and are lives are always in danger.Hobbes state of nature differs from Lockes. Lockes state of nature is peaceful and is separate from his state of war. Hobbes argues that a state of war exists within the state of nature. Humans fear a violent death and we are all aware that we can harm one another. We possess two desires, free of violent death and superiority over one another, we have the ability to hold it over one another. Without a governing authority, this will cause war to break out in a state of nature. Since we are all fearful of one another, we become aggressive towards each other with causes disputes and war to break out. Hobbes claims that there is no rule of property in the state of nature. No one can claim ownership over anything. All the laws come from the sovereign. We have the right to steal items from one another because it wasnt theirs to begin with for they do not have ownership over it . He argues that we must have a government to settle this chaos and madness. If we live in a world with no authority it would be destructive and everyone would be killing each other. Hobbes tells me that I need someone to protect me from Descartes and prevent him from killing me. Once we have a sovereign the laws of property and life are established. Descartes would receive punishment for his crimes and I could get a restraining order against him. Unlike the state of nature, we would be safe and upright living under a legislation and executive. The laws of the sovereign helps regulate how we act with one another and it keeps civil war and war against each other from happening. These laws ensures us to live in a peaceful civil society where we are protected from the things that we fear. In the state of nature, people had more freedom and more rights. under(a) the rule of the sovereign people will give up their rights in exchange for a more peaceful life and environment. The soverei gn is given authority to by the people and whatever they do is right. They are the voice of the entire ruling body. One must not question their actions for there will be consequences if they disobey. They will follow the rules for they fear receiving punishment. The establishment of a government makes it possible for the lives of man kind to be preserved and their rights to be protected. The purpose of a sovereign is to control natural law. It acts as a remedy to restore sanity and tame the rambunctious behavior of man. The law acts as some form of punishment to those who go against it and try to interfere with the rights of other citizens. A government ensures that we each have our individual rights, however we must not interfere with the rights and freedom of others. An tyrannous government, is better than no government at all.

The Impact Of Violent Games

The Impact Of Violent GamesThe transformation of manhoods sustenance from the primitive being to the civilized one has occurred from the turn of the 18th century. The vex of the 19th century witnessed to a greater extent(prenominal) scientific discoveries. Techno- wisdom is credited with these discoveries, and what this has done is that it has improved life on earth and made it better. We now live a world whereby all ages go for whatever form of scientific discovery that makes life better and practically sophisticated. It is true that sophistication is the principal originator behind all scientific discoveries. Moreover, the nature of man is that man is a creature that seeks to improve its own existence by bringing forth a myriad of scientific discoveriesTechno- science has brought with it a push-down store of discoveries, and this has made life on earth to be better and more comfortable. One such(prenominal)(prenominal) field is that of pleasure. Be it music, pics, wor d-painting games or blush sports, techno- science has ensured that electronic gadgets hand been created, thitherby improving peoples lives. The chief beneficially to technological advancements in merriment is peasantren and unripe adults/adolescents. Video games argon a top manner of diversion among this younker host of people. Video games atomic number 18 the creation of computers, and while even adults diarrhea these games, the market segment is peasantren and youngish people. However much technological advancement argon on the rise, techno-scientists founder been acc apply of creating harvest-times with extinct having to c be about the potential effects of these products to the market segment. For instance, godforsaken word-painting games are immensely socialize to kidren and young people, but what is puzzling is that, innovators of these products do non induce the slightest care concerning the effect that these games exact on the users (Anderson Bushman , 39). For years, mental picture games turn in been accuse of poisoning the minds of young people and children, which is detrimental to their development as they ape what they see in these boob tubes. This essay analyses convulsive icon games as being a contributor to raptorial carriage, especially in children and teenagers. By analyzing crimson word picture games and their correlation with fast-growing(a) doings, the study will establish how this issue can be decrease and surmounted, and how the behavior of young people is maintained to noneworthy takes.Violent telecasting gamesVideo games have been in existence from the 70s. Video games were created as a mode of entertainment by all age groups, but the principle market segment is children and teenagers who spend roughly of their free while indoors. These games have been seen as a focal fleck of enhancing the creativity and learning abilities of children, and are recommended for parents for their children. The pop ularity of action-hero movies triggered picture game manufacturers to inject a new perspective into video games violence. By doing this, they hoped to grasp larger audiences and entice junior ages more with their products. This was a marketing excessivelyl that was meant to revolutionize their business and make it more real. In these games, the users take the form of action-heroes who secure in crimson confrontations with others. These heroes must keep winning duels so that the game advances to the next train. This bosoms the adrenaline in game users until they father addicted as they want to advance to the next level and be winners in these violent duels. To the manufacturers, video games are created to entertain and please the users, but a cancel from entertaining them, violent video games have been accused of behavioural modification especially in young users by giving them truculent and violent traits.In an era where action movies and thrillers fascinate young people a nd adults alike, video game manufacturers are taking advantage of this craze by coming up with video games with an injected bit of violence. The problem that has cropped up is that, video games being largely used by children and young teenagers influence the behavior of this group of people. An adult views these games as a form of entertainment, but to a young person, it is both entertainment and a site to mimic behavior. darn adults and senior teenagers spell violent games, they do non seem to be call fored much due to their perception. While an adult sees these games as a way of entertainment, a child may not understand why somewhatone goes around the street shooting others or causing bodily harm to others. To them, it seems commonplace, and with this perception, behavioral modification is bound to occur. These children easily become aggressive and steep in endless confrontations with their peers.The debate concerning violent video games and ways in which they lead to aggre ssive behavior has been around for years. Steinfeld (27) writes in his book It becomes clear to me that the major causal relationship between the televised violence and the asocial behavior is enough to warrant immediate and appropriate remedial action. There comes a time when the data are sufficient to justify action. That time has come. From then, more studies have been conducted and as Anderson and Bushman found out in their 2002 study there is a direct correlation between violent media exposure and hostility. Studies have shown that there is a link between violence in electronic media and real life aggression. This stretches into video games. Violent video games are analogous to violent media exposure.A study by Gentile, lynch, Linder and Walsh (2004) has shown that relative growth of these games has made American teenagers more aggressive in nature and to have terrible behaviors and attitudes. In this study, research was carried out from six hundred and seven students from fou r cultivates to confirm the violence that these games bring out in pupils attending the eighth grade. Teenagers who were unfastened to many video games of a violent nature were reported to be hostile, and they could get into arguments with teachers easily and more frequently. They were involved in physical fights with fel low gear students at a high lay out and were poor performers in school.By comparison, violent video games bring more harm than violent TV programs. Unlike TV watching, foregathering video games is more involving and gentle. Whenever someone plays as a violent character in a video game, they try to identify with that particular character. In case they play as the same character over and over, it is easy for these traits to be transcribed into their behavior (Deselms and Altman, 1562). Finally, when players play as violent characters, they are awarded b lode points or, they advance to the next level. This motivates them to continually take part in these games. They become obsessed with the characters, and it can easily lead them in committing a crime.Sales of video games in America have risen over the years with the electronic entertainment market raking more than seven billion dollars back in 1999. This surpasses the revenues of film production for the first time in American history. The sales have surpassed twenty billion American dollars. This has been fuelled by the existence of more than 200 jillion game boys and 80 million play stations that have been sold on the video game market. An average American kid from age 2 to 17 is able to play and stay on a video game for 7 hours or more in a week. This masks the enormous difference between the girl child and boy child with different ages. A recent study by Anderson et al in 2010 established that most teenage girls engage in these games for more than five hours in a week while boys do it for more than thirteen hours in a week. This is an average playtime of nine hours in a day that teena gers spend on games.Studies have been conducted over the last 25 years, and most of them have looked at the final effects of video games of teenagers (Anderson and Bushman, 449). Most of these studies have managed to outline a link between these violent games and aggression. Some have even gone further by determining how video games affect school performance, and what has been established is that school performance has been compromised as a result of video games. This is a tremendous setback on the American education since the numbers of such students is on the rise. The impact of violent video games extends even to institutions of higher learning as evidenced by research done by Gentile, lynch, Linder and Walsh in 2004. In their research, they established that there are negative impacts in college students who spend most of their leisure time on violent video games instead of concent military rank on studies. The grades of these students have been reported to drop drastically and t hey attain aggressive behavior.Study ReviewVideo games have been in existence for the past 30 or so years. They are a noteworthy and unique form of entertainment in that they encourage the player to be part of the game. Video games have become so sophisticated to the point of ensuring that the player must pay close attention to what is going on. While video games have positive and negative effects, empirical studies deal showing that there are more drawbacks than advantages, especially by contributing to aggressive behavior in people, especially children and young teenagers.Studies have shown that aggression in children and young people is determined by the time spent by playing these games. For example, a study by Walsh in 2000 revealed most teenagers have admitted that their parents do not impose time limits on the hours they use to play video games. A good number of parents withal take no notice of the bailiwick of games that their children play. Therefore, the long playing ho urs coupled with parents profligacy in imposing their monitoring has made the teenagers aggressive. Another study by Gentile, lynch, Linder and Walsh in 2004 subjected adolescent boys and girls to long periods of video games. These researchers proved that, young people who engaged in violent video games for an extended time period are more aggressive, engage in never-ending confrontations and score low school performance (Gentile et al, 21). Another study finding reveals that aggression develops in game users when they engage in games that are beyond their level. Games are accorded levels cor serveing to particular age groups. This needs to be followed because young children may play games that are many levels ahead. These children happen to witness shocking scenes to a point that their young minds become affected. These children easily become aggressive.Picture a modern video game about an assassin who is going around the street cleansing rival gang members. When a child or any y oung person mimics the assassin in the game, images of such a video game are inscribed in this their mind, and they are for sure going to become more aggressive. The child first starts mimicking the shooter with even sticks, and later they become aggressive. In most video games, players progress to the next round, and the more they play, the more they become addicted, and they more aggressive they are credibly to get.Empirical data has shown that violent video games extinguish even violent films (Pollard et al, 10). The results of the study confirmed that people who engaged in violent video games became more aggressive when compared to those who were merely watching. While a hardly a(prenominal) people assert that violent games are harmless, studies continue to show the opposite. There is evidence that violence video games make the players cathartic in that, they vent their angers aimlessly. In their work, Anderson et al (2010) assert that approximately 130 researches have been c onducted on the same outcome using over 130,000 subjects and the study findings were that violent video games enhance aggressive thoughts and behavior, and increase ones physiological arousal by increasing ones pulse and blood tweet.Anderson and Bushman conducted extensive research in 2002, and from that, they were able to come up with evidence for the topic in question. The research was aimed at investigating the link between media violence and aggression. From their study, it was revealed that players who continually engage in violent video games become aggressive since violent behavior is repeated in the games over and over. Besides, video games ensure that players are active participants instead of being passive as in movies. Moreover, players in video games identify with a particular character they adore. This is what is known as the first person video game (Anderson Dill, 788). From this, players imitate the characters of these video games, which trigger them to become aggr essive. For instance, a player who engages in a violent game develops aggressive thoughts. In their study, bushman Anderson concluded that when a player who was previously exposed to violent video games encounters confrontation, they respond with an enhanced rate of aggression.However much scientific evidence has shown that video games that are violent cause aggressive behavior especially in young people other theorists have opposed this citing various reasons. For instance, people who engage in violent video games have claimed that even though they play video games, they have never killed anyone. This is true especially from the United States FBI murder figures for 2010. From the survey, it was revealed that the murder rate in the US per year is 6 in 100,000. This is a low rate implying that murder from events like violent video games is highly unlikely. But this does not mean that violent video games do not lead to aggression. Secondly, the media have contributed to the denial th at violent video games do not cause aggression. This is because media personalities have failed to admit that the product they are marketing is dangerous. This is analogous to the tobacco industry even though the manufacturers of tobacco know that the product is harmful, they have been reluctant to admit that their product is harmful.The role of parents in curbing aggression in their children cannot be underemphasized. Psychologists have identified that parents have a role of cautioning their children concerning violent media. Stopping your children from engaging in violent video games is unrealistic as a person is not able to supervise all the time, but it is necessary to regulate what children engage in. There are many ways parents can help (Pollard et al, 89). For one, they need not base violent media at home. Secondly, parents need to know the rating of all video games available at home, so that young children do not play games way above their level. Parents should also limit t he time spent online and in playing these games. It is necessary for parents to monitor media consumption of their children.Violence in video games is impacting negatively on the users of these games. Significant harmful effects have been reported some of these effects are short term, but others are long term and affect the gamer for the rest of the life. The effects become harmful when parents who are supposed to monitor their children when they engage in these games become careless and leave the children to continue playing video games without limit. The endgame with this is that the child starts to be a psychopath and is likely to try and experiment what was being played in video games on the real world. The child will start to be aggressive when offended in a small way and may hurt everyone in the vicinity. Electronic media have the fortune of enlightening the social and learning behavior of students by replacing reading activities, time for family interactions and social time with friends. If an average child spends 7 hours in a week to engage in these games, the child is not able to engage themselves in any form of homework or reading. This results to the child becoming idle and stubborn which may increase the aggressive nature of the child.Summary of FindingsFrom the analyses of various studies and researches made, it is evident that more boys engage in violent video games than girls. Those who engage also acquire aggression with time, which leads them to engage in confrontations in school and landing in trouble in most times. These young individuals also grow up into aggressive people when their game time is excessive. Many researches also shows that, a majority of parents do not monitor their children and teenagers on the game time, making some young game players overindulge in violent games. A majority of parents also do not check the rating of the violent games, which allows even young children to access games that are beyond their level.Study In terpretationContent analysis carried out by Walsh (2000) shows that more than 90% these games in the American market have some form of a violent nature and more than 60% in the global market have serious violence amongst those who take part in the game. The study concludes that a good proportion of games bought by gamers contain serious violence and the popularity of this form of games is mostly determined by the violence discipline that is developed among the characters. Pollard, Bushman Anderson in their 2011 research found out that, violence has spurred a lot among adolescents and children this violence is mostly a result of violent video games.Bushman and Anderson (2002) conducted a Meta-analysis of 54 tests, which were independent about the relation between the violence of video games and physical aggression. This analysis involved more than four thousand participants and five results, which were consistent, among these gamers in relation to violent video games were derived f rom the analysis. Playing of violent games increases the aggressive cognitions of the participants. Violent games increase the arousal, physiologically aggressive emotion is increase by playing such games. Aggressive behaviors are increased among the gamers, and the pro- social behavior of the gamers is decreased with immediate effect. These effects termed as robust, and they are found in all ages of people in society, be it adults or children, females or males and non-experimental and experimental studies. Most of studies have been done out and results found with more than sufficient evidence that explains about the impacts of violent video games, but so far little has been done to avert this problem in the American society. Age restrictions have been imposed on accessing different kinds of video games with certain levels of violence, but somehow the young people end up getting the games from sources that are unclear.Gamers who are born aggression seem to have increased violence wh ile and after playing video games of a violent nature. A study by Gentile, lynch, Linder and Walsh (2004) found that the physiological impacts of engaging in these games is worse in children who had developed a violent nature before they started playing video games than those who have no violent traits. These children are more likely to start excising the violent activities that they experience in video games, in real life. Gamers with the violence trait from birth showed increases in epinephrine levels in their blood and their arterial pressure increased in any case. This was the reverses of the gamers who did not have this trait.ModerationIn moderating people who have the violent trait, parents and guardians should be able to notice this issue earlier when the child is growing up, and they should be able to help the child by restricting video games of violence nature. Children with this trait are not supposed to be exposed to any violence at all as they have a high probability t hat they will imitate the violent conditions that they experience. Parental monitoring should be able to play a significant role in ensuring that the children are safe, and they do not interact with violent videos. Instead, parents should ensure that they buy their children video games of an educational nature to motivate their children to think out of the box and increase their studies. When parents impose limits on television, the children tend to understand, the same should be done on video games and portion out children tight rules on accessing the games. Parents should be active in promoting positive messages that are brought with the entire video games and shun the negative messages conveyed by the violent video games. They should be the role models and convey a positive message to their children.Gentile and Walsh (2002) carried out a study about the ability of parents to input their cover on video games that are accessed by their children. More than 55% of the parents allow ed their children to take play video games of their choice including the ones that have a violent nature. 40% of the parents have the ability to control what their children play, they have the ability and responsibility of checking the regulations of the game before giving the children the opportunity to play, and 5% of the parents are never at home, so children are free to engage in any form of games of their choice and desire. This study shows how most of the parents have underestimated the damage that these games are doing to their children and perhaps it is because most of the parents nowadays are workaholics and do not have adequate time to be with their children and know about their lives. Some of the parents are not even able to name the game type that their children are playing which most children take advantage of since the parents are not concerned to know what the favorite things their children like. If only parents could step up and become active in the moderating proces s of these video games, then it is highly likely that the children could be saved from becoming aggressive. Active parents also know what to do when their children are not performing according to standards in school. They are able to consult with teachers and tutors so that the child is given additional motivation that is required to perform better in studies.ConclusionThe importance of innovation is that it makes life enjoyable and modernized. One such aspect of modern innovation is the advent of video games. Video games have revolutionized the entertainment industry. It is entertainment for all age groups as one can relax and pass time especially during ones free time. Even though they are used by all age groups, the target market segment is young children and teenagers. Manufacturers of video games target the young market segment as they are the group that is easily enticed and enthralled by games, and one that can spend almost the whole day playing the games if it were possible. Children and teenagers of the modern world are spending much of their free time playing these games, unlike adults who have an aspect of moderation in video game playing. Despite teenagers and children spending most of their time engaging in video games, these games have a positive attribute in their development. These games are seen as a way of improving the reasoning and intelligence of children, and for this reason they are encouraged in all home settings. Through these games also, parents are able to occupy their children during the free time. Therefore, instead of engaging in mischief and rambling about the neighborhood, video games engage children by keeping them busy. As they are addictive, children remain glued to their seats playing these games.Despite technological innovations making life easier and better, one major problem associated with them is that, techno-scientists are obsessed with furthering their innovations to the point of coming up with principles that are br inging more harm than good to the users. When a product is liked in the market segment and the sales are always on a high, innovators always want to maintain this trend even though the product may be harmful to the market segment. One such is the discovery of violent video games. Violent video games are just the normal types of games, but they have aspects of violence by incorporating characters who engage in physical duels and confrontations with devices like guns. Initially, video games were a way of entertainment, but over time, the innovators wanted to make action movie concepts into these games as a marketing tool and as a way of adding appeal to video games. Manufacturers of violent video games aim to pump up the adrenaline of its users by introducing violence concepts in the games. Children and teenagers become elated by such concept. Video game manufacturers have succeeded to considerable degree because violent video game purchases have been on the rise recently. In every r egion of the world, video games are becoming the craze of children and teenagers. Even though violent video games cannot harm teenagers directly, the effect that is being noted is psychological and behavioural alteration. Through engaging in these games, teenagers and children start aping and copying what the games portray, and this alters their behavior. What has been observed is that, aggressive behavior has been noted in those who engage in violent video games. Being young children and teenagers, one can only wonder what individuals are going to come out from these aggressive personalities.Most researches as outlined above reveal that video games that contain violence continue impacting negatively on its users, especially children and teenagers. This is related to the time-frame for games and the level of violence compared to the age group. Young people spend an average of nine hours per day to play violent video games, and this time has been determined to be too much, thereby a ffecting them negatively. Moderation is necessary in games so that teenagers and children are not obsessed with violent games. Video games were created to be a form entertainment source, but not as a negative influence. In order for violent games to be purely a form of entertainment, then parents and guardians need to suss out the use to a few hours in a day. Children also need to be investigated so that they do not engage in games that belong to higher age groups. The human brain develops with time, and in every age group, there is a degree of what an individual can handle. The younger the individual is, the more likely they are to be affected by violent games. Older children are able to handle violent games when compared to younger ones. For this reason, every game should be used by the age group that it is created with. When this is done, coupled with moderation on the time spent playing the games, then aggressive behavior will be reduced by those that engage in violent games. H owever, as long as this does not happen, then violent games will continue causing the development of aggressive behavior in people, especially young users.RecommendationFrom the various studies conducted on the impact of violent video games study conducted, the following are the conclusionsa) More boys engage in violent video games than girls.b) Those who engage in violent video on a regular basis acquire aggression with time, derived from the characters they mimic in those video gamesc) Teenagers who have a history of video games are led to engage in confrontations in school and landing in trouble in most times.d) Young individuals grow up into aggressive people when their game time is excessive.e) A majority of parents do not monitor their children and teenagers on the game time, making some young game players overindulge in violent games.f) A majority of parents also do not check the rating of the violent games, which allows even younger children to access games that are beyond t heir level.g) Most modern households have video games, and with internet games, violent video games are easy to downloadThese are appalling statistics. Something needs to be done to change this trend. Many products are being released into the market, and there is no one who has the right to control their release. plurality have the liberty to use products, but when these products start affecting users, then something needs to be done. Game manufacturers have the moral obligation to manufacture games that are not overly violent. But in a world where emphasis is on marketing and profit accumulation, no one can blame them. The onus is on parents to moderate game-time. Teenagers should understand that violent games correlate to aggressive behavior and moral decadence. They should restrain themselves and should treat games as merely an entertainment source and not as a behavior modifier. Parents will not always spend time with their children hence, it reaches an age where teenagers need to do the right thing.Video games have become very popular in the contemporary world, and for parents it has become difficult for them to deflect the games from their childrens lives. Research has shown that video games are important for children development. The problem comes in when they are overused and when young people play violent video games. These have been observed to cause aggression in young people. This research has proved that analogy.As it is difficult to eliminate videogames from the life of children and young people, the way to protect them is to reduce their negative effect through the following waysa) Parents need to ensure that they are aware of the rating of the violent games played by their children. The ESRB considers the sex, violence, language and substance abuse contained in a game. From this, they give the age recommendation. Each game has a rating token for that particular age groupb) Parents need to regulate internet usage in the homestead so that teen agers do not continually access violent gamesc) Parents need to set limits of video playing do that they do not overplayd) Parents need to monitor the media consumption of their children and guide them instead of according them too much freedome) Guide children on the games they should play. A parent needs to take interest in video games so that they are able to commotion guidance to children. Parents need to be free with their children and ask them about their feelings about the video games. By doing this, parents grow closer to their children.Therefore, the role of parents in curbing aggression in their children cannot be underemphasized. Psychologists have identified that parents have a role of cautioning their children concerning violent media. Stopping your children from engaging in violent video games is unrealistic as you cannot be with them all the time, but there is need to regulate what children engage in. There are many ways parents can help. For one, they need not insta ll violent media at home. Secondly, parents need to know the rating of all video games available at home so that young children do not play games way above their level. Parents should also limit the time spend online and in playing these games. It is important for parents to monitor media consumption of their children

For Animal Rights Essay -- social issues

For Animal RightsAnimals are used for a variety of different tests. Human disease retrieves are always tried on beasts first, most sack up up must perform experiments with the product on animals first, and dogs and pigs are used to practice surgery on for surgeons. It is not fair and humane to conduct experiments on animals to make sure a product or procedure is safe for us to use or endure. There are no legitimate reasons that an animals life is worth less than our own. I think that animals should have similar rights that people have because they too feel pain and experience emotions and on the nose because they look different doesnt mean that they are that much different than us. I understand that scientists do need to test out products, but wouldnt they get more accurate results of they tested a human product on a human? For example, while trying to find a cure for a stroke scientists have tested many possibilities out on rats. Out of the hundreds of tests alone thirty have w orked on the rats, and out of those thirty only three have had any success in humans (Freeman, speaker). I think we would find cures and medications much easier if we tested these things out on our own species. By testing on humans we would get more information on how our bodies react to different drugs compared to continuing the testing on different species that dont have the same body and DNA make-up as us. It makes it easiest to test on animals because they cant disagree or volunteer. That would mak...

Windows NT and Linux :: essays research papers

Windows NT and Linux An inside look and comparison One of the many challenges of a corporation, small business or educational institution is how to network the people within and outside the presidency. Linux and Windows NT are two network operating systems that suit this purpose well, each having its respective advantages and disadvantages.One organization (Nichols College), began utilizing each operating system for two very different purposes. I will explain the function of the two operating systems and how well they each performed for Nichols.Windows NT & deoxyadenosine monophosphate61623 Advantages and Disadvantages &61623 Business with Windows NT      Linux &61623 Advantages and Disadvantages &61623 Linux in the Business World &61623 Conclusion Windows NT or Linux?     Windows NT Its Pluses and MinusesWindows NT (New Technology) is an operating system made and offered by Microsoft. Microsoft scratch line released Windows NT i n 1993. The basis of Windows NT is an operating system that controls basic computing functions, such as manipulating files. It is a "multipurpose server operating system that delivers a fully integrated file/print and server environment." Windows NT offers one of the highest levels of compatibility with other operating systems and hardware. It was created to be the most integrated, extensive, and easy operating system and it comes in two shipway &61623 For desktop PCs &61623 For server computers (supporting computer networks).Windows NT has both positives and negatives. Some of the advantages includeIntegration     Performance Reliability     SecurityManageability     Internet Access.Windows NT legion allows all applications to be utilized from the Windows NT Directory Service or NTDS. This has a network logon to all servers and services that it provides and its advantage Only one user database is needed fo r the solid system. Windows NT also allows integration with other hardware and operating systems and files and applications from other servers such as Unix and NetWare. This gives users the ability to install Windows NT knowing that it can fit with their current network. The mathematical operation for Windows NTIt runs applications faster, especially 32-bit applications. It is also faster than Windows 95 on 32 MB machines or more. Window NT provides graphical user interfaces (GUI).Definition of GUI - designs used as symbols that make a function visible to the user quicker than having to look for it. As far as reliability, Microsoft has a clustering middleware, named "Wolfpack" that provides fault-tolerant clustering on mainstream PC server hardware. ****Windows NT also provides memory protection and preemptive multitasking, a journalized recoverable file system, and RAID striping with parity.