Motor Neurone Disease Health And Social Care Essay

get Neur integrity Disease health And Social Cargon Essaysensory neuron and repel neuron. Sensory neuron brings the c altogether attention from the butt organ to brain in the pee-pee of electrical impulses and tug neuron has just the oppo locate get going i.e. it brings the impulses from brain to target organ to respond against the particular stimulus. In MND these motor neurons be get touched that control voluntary muscle including speaking, walking, breathing, saw every last(predicate)oing and cistronral movement of body. squandered muscle atomic number 18 innervated by a group of neurons ( glower motor neuron) located in the ventral schnoz of spinal anaesthesia anesthesia pileuroy which pick upout the ventral root to the muscle kioskular ph unrivalleds. These facial expression are innervated by corticospinal tract or pep pill motor neuron that project from motor lens cortex of brain. In microscopic pathology there is degeneration of ventral detusk of spin al pile as well as atrophy of ventral roots.Introduction drive neuron malady (MND) are the group of neurological disorder. It reachs the motor neurons. Motor neurons get to important function in bringing the signal in form of impulses from brain to the effectors organs (target organ) and in this instruction control the voluntary activity comparable walking, speaking, swallowing and early(a) general movements.A French neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot, first suggested club together all conditions that dissemble the asquint horn of spinal electric cord in 1869. The other common name for MND are- ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), pri bungley lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PLS).The cause of MND is sporadic. Genetic factor and environmental factor are responsible for it up to some extent. The motor placement mainly constitute of foursome parts pyramidal sy waist, basal ganglia, cerebellum and neuromuscular sy curtain call. The lesion in any(prenom inal) of them can lead to neurodegenerative disease. There whitethorn be several reason associated with lesion uniform intra jail cubicleular hemorrhage, stroke etc.There is not some(prenominal) scope available for treatment of this disease permanently. medical examination science still does not befool any effective and permanent cure. Here I am trying to use hold cellular telephone engineering science approach for the treatment of this disease. As stem cells are the master cells of human body and can have capacity to derive all kind of cells. Because of its versatile nature, these cell can generate the motor neuron cells which get degenerated in MND. Here some stem cells cell approach is cosmos consider and proficiency involved for its treatment are neural stem cell approach, the delivery of stem cells into multiple site and affected area, investd pluripotent cells approach, glial restricted precursor approach, cell therapy approach etc.The motor systemThe motor system co nsist ofPyramidal system ( upper berth motor neuron)The basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)The cerebellumNeuromuscular systemThe everyday motor track contain upper motor neuron that synapse in the brainstem and spinal cord with lower motor neuron. The nerve cell bodies of of upper motor neuron (UMNs) lie in the pre aboriginal gyrus of the noetic cortex and in several brainstem nuclei, their axon synapse with motor nuclei in brainstem (cranial nerve nuclei) and the spinal cord (peripheral nerve). Lower motor neuron (LMNs) have their cell bodies in the anterior horn (AHC) their axon transmit impulse through their anterior root into peripheral nerve terminating at neuromascular junction Rosa-Eva Huettl et al, Feb 2011.Skeletal cells which are voluntary in nature are innervated by group of neurons (LMNs) which are located in the ventral horn of spinal cord and these nerve cells are innervated by corticospinal tract(UMN) which project from motor cortex of brain.Three kinds of motor pathways impringe on the anterior horn cells the corticospinal tract, the basal ganglia system, and the cerebellar system. These are additional pathway originating in brainstem that mediate flexor and extensor gradation in limb movement and perplex most notable in coma. All these higher motor pathways affect movement through the LMNs- so called the final common pathway.CUsersGUDDU-SUDDUDesktoppari2.gifFig 1 representation of motor cortex and internal capsule. The capitulum motor pathway (pyramidal tract) is depicated.The movement whether initiated voluntarily in the cortex, self-movingally in the basal ganglia or reflexly in the sensory receptors, must ultimately be translated into action via anterior horn cells. A lesion in any of the above mentioned area will affect movement or reflex activity.The three booster cable motor pathway areThe corticospinal (pyramidal) tract the cortiocospinal (pyramidal) tracts mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or beautiful movement of selected muscular actions and inhibit others. They a equal carry impulses that inhibit savor, hence, their lesion results in hypertonia.The corticospinal fibres originate in the cerebral cortex (precentral mortex cortex) snap through corona radiata and condense in the internal capsule, pass through its skunk limb and travel own through mid brain, pons and comes down into lower medulla, where they form an anatomic structure resembling a pyramid. There most of the fibres cross to the opposite or contralateral side of the medualla, pass downwards and synapse with the anterior horn cells or with internuncial neurons. Tracts synapsing in the brainstem with motor nuclei of the cranial nerves are termed corticobullar fibres (tract).The basal ganglia system it included motor pathways between the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord. It controls tone, posture and body movement especially gross automatic movement such as walking.The cerebellum it receives both(prenominal) sensory and motor inputs and controls the co-ordinates the motor activity, maintains equilibrium and control posture.Body part representation in motor cortex and internal capsuleThe body part are represented in contraleteral hemisphere in a characteristic fashion i.e. lower limb occupies upper position, face occupied lower most, limb and trunk occupy a large area. Similarly, the parts of the body capable of performing delicate movements have largest cortical representation.In internal capsule, the representation of the part is reserved. The upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs occupy upper middle and lower parts of posterior limb of the internal capsule.Change in the posture and regeneration in the tone of many muscles requires for the movement of body. Some quite distant from the part existence moved. The motor system consist of hierarchy of control weapon that maintain body posture, baseline, muscle tone upon which a specific movement is superimpose d. The lowest order of the hierarchy lies in the gray matter of spinal cord which control the muscle tone in response to stretch and the reflex withdrawl to noxious stimuli.Above the spinal cord, circuits between basal ganglia and motor cortex constitute the extrapyramidal system which control background muscle tone and body posture and gate the initiation of movement.Cause of MND and symptoms associated with itAlmost 90% of MND fibres are sporadic Leyanx Xu et al, April 2009 i.e. the unhurried have not family record of this disease. Genetic factors and environmental factor is important in determing individuals sucettibility. Some genes think to ALS are Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1, ALS2, NEFH, SETX and vesicle associated with protein B (VAPB).SOD1 re forward-lookinging is responsible for nearly 20% of the MND case among in a family. The main product of SOD1 gene is superoxide dismutase enzyme. It act as a free radical scavenger and function as to reduce the oxidative defor m of cells end-to-end body Gurney ME et al, April 1997 . Till now about more than 100 different kinds of mutation in SOD1 gene have been found, which account for development of MND and its some other forms as well (ALSOD database).AV4 is the most commonly mutation occurring in North America and occur in up to 50% of SOD1 cases. In such a way different region and countries have different mutation which directly or indirectly affect SOD1 gene. For instance, in Japan the most common mutation is H46R. D90A mutation is associated with the slow progression of ALS is found in the people of Scandinavian Gurney ME et al, April 1997. As SOD1 gene is involved in the reduction of oxidative stress so its mutation confers a gain in toxic and affect the nerve cells.Rather than this looking lesion in various parts of the motor system produce distructive pattern of motor deficit. These can commence negative symptoms of weakness, lack of coordination, lack of stability and stiffness or positive s ymptoms such as tremor, dystonia, chorea, athetosis, hemiballism, tics and myoclonus. When the lower limbs are affected, characteristic pattern of gait disorder may result.Lower motor neuron lesionIt consist of anterior horn cells, nerve roots, peripheral nerves and myoneural junctions. Groups of muscle fibres innervated by single anterior horn cells (LMN) from a motor unit, hence, it will cause qualifying of function of these motor unit and muscle fibres innervated by them result into weakness, flaccid, paralysis, atrophy and cachexia the muscles and these muscle fibres depolorise spontaneously producing fibrillation.Sign and symptoms of lower neuron lesionWeakness or loss of movement.Decrease tone (hypotonia-flaccid paralysis).Loss of tendon and superficial reflexes.Wasting of muscle leading to atrophy.Fasciculation.trophic change in cutis and nail in neutropathies.Contractures of muscle.Upper motor neuron lesionsThe corticospinal tract (UMM) prolonged from the cortex to spinal cord, when damage or destroyed, its function are reduced or lost on a lower floor the level of lesion.When UMNs are damaged above the crossover of tract in medulla, motor impairment develops on opposite or contralateral side.In damage below the crossover, motor impairment occur on same or ipsilateral side of body.A UMN lesion manifests clinicallyWeakness of limb or limbs. reinvigorated tendon stretch reflexes and loss of superficial reflexs.Hypertonia i.e. spastic extend in tone great in the extensors of lower limb and flexors of upper limb which is a characteristic pattern of hemiplegia.Extensor plantar responses.The weakness is more pronounced in extensors of upper limbs and flexors of lower limb.Little or no wasting of muscles.Extrapyramidal lesions Disease of basal ganglia or extrapyramidal system does not cause paralysis but produce an increase in tone, disturbance in posture and gait, a slowness or lack of spontaneous and automatic movement termed bradykinesia, and a varie ty of involuntary movements.Cerebellar lesions it leads toLack of coordination on the same side of body. The initial part of movement is normal but as target is approached and accuracy of movement deteriorates resulting in spirit termor.Impairment of gait, equilibrium and postures. Lesions involving the cerebellar hemisphere lead to ataxic gait while involvement of central vermis leads to truncal ataxia ( persevering has difficulty in sitting up, or standing).Decrease in muscle tone due to involvement of red nucleus.Paralysis is not a feature of cerebellar disease.Except all these stroke is also one of the commonest cause for motor neuron disorder.DiagnosisClinical diagnosis set up by neurologist on the basis of neurological examination. Investigation such as declination test, electromyogram (electromyography), MRI (magnetic resonance image) and sometime genetic testing to diagnose the disease. The other way to diagnose the disease is by concentrating on symptoms and body conditi on.TreatmentRiluzole is the only drug that affect the course of disease Theiss RD, et al, mar 2011. This drug function by blocking the effect of neurotransmitter glutamine and is extend the life spain of an an ALS patient by only few months. Still there is no total cure of MND. The other treatment is being used are acute stroke management, as stroke is one of commonest cause of development of this disease. stand cell approach for treatment of motor neuron diseaseAs mention above the main cause of this disease is degeneration of motor neurons. So application of stem cell technology in the generation of motor neuron can be very useful technique to treat this disease. staunch cells are the master cells of the human body. Because of versatile nature, stem cells have potential to repair or flip the degenerated cells.There are many issue which are important to be consider if we translate the online knowledge of stem cell into the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. First of all the clinically competitive and risk to the patient acceptable is necessary to be define. One of the important issue is that the proliferation and differentiation are difficult to control. animal(prenominal) model may not fully predict their toxicity and risk involve for development of tumor formation after implantation Olle lindvall et al,4 jan 2010.The disease pathology has to be determine that which cell be generating from stem cells. different cells will be needed for different disease in replacement therapy.Prior to the clinical application, it must be demonstrated in animal model that stem cell based approach lure substantial improvement of function deficits that resemble the debilitating symptoms in patient.It is also important to determine biologic mechanism involved the observed effect of stem cell treatment in animal model.Motor neuron cell has been developed invitro from different stem cells sources including mouse and human stem cells Roy et al, year 2005. nervous ste m cells (NSCs) has been derived from fetal rat spinal cord Lee H, et al. year 2007 and human forebrain and some other cells kindred iPS cells. These stem cell derived motor neuron precursors and neuroblast inviro. The motor neuron have extended axon to ventral roots. After transplanting into spinal cord of bighearted rabbit having the motor degeneration problem, form the neuromascular junction and it give rise to partial recovery from paralysis. after transplantation into the affected area of adult mice and maturation, the stem cells derived motor neuron and attend muscular atrophy.CUsersGUDDU-SUDDUDesktoppari.jpegFig 2 stem cell based therapeutic approach for motor neuron disease (ALS). ALS leads to degeneration of motor neuron in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. The stem cell based approach can be induce neuroprotector or dampen detrimental inflammation by implanting stem releasing growth hormone. Finally stem cells derived spinal motor neuron precursor or neuro blast could be transplanted into damaged area to replace damaged or dead neurons. Olle lindvall et al,4 jan 2010Still this approach has not been successful totally to cure MND in case of human. There a several experiment hurdle which must have to overcome so that the cell replacement therapy to become successful. To achieve this determination we must know the specificity of the cell target, homing and special markers. The stem cell must be delivered at multiple site along the spinal cord . the upper motor neuron formed must be innervates to the lower motor neurons the other important brass is that differential of spinal motor neurons can be directed to the correct cervical, thoracis or lumber phenotype and in the end cell project at axial or limb muscles .The central motor neuron deal corticospinal neuron also can be replaced which gate degenerated in motor neuron disease. The life Spain of new(a) motor neuron generated should be appropriate. It should also be determine weathe r the environment in the spinal cord of patient with ALS, which hostile to motor neuron, can be altered Olle lindvall et al,4 jan 2010.The genetical factor is one of the important factor to be consider. The person having ALS carrying genetic mutation in the glial cell so modification of the microglial cell or astrocyte for long term survival of transplanted motor neuron. Stem cell transplantation to counteract motor neuron loss by releasing neurotrophic molecules or modifying the inflammatory environment, sport a major role in disease progression. It is more near term clinical goal for ALS Olle lindvall et al,4 jan 2010.Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells approachInduced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell as indicated above in the previous section, can be one of the important approach to treat motor neuron disease. These iPS cells are derived from epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells through the exogenous expression of transcription factor. These iPS cells are also having the char acteristic property give care to that of embryonic stem cells and hence can have the major impact on disease like neurodegenerative disorder and regenerative medicine. These iPS cells are also self renew and retain potential to be differentiated into all cell type of body Evangelos kiskins et al. The another approach to treat MND is directed differentiation of human generate pluripotent (iPS) cell to functional neural phenotype is unknown. Human embryonic stem cells, specified to neural lineage, this cell could be differentiated to form motor neuron with similar efficiency S karumbayaram et al, July 2010.Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is also one of the common type of neurological disorder leading to infant mortality. This cause selective loss of lower motor neurons which finally result into muscle weakness, paralysis and often death. In this iPS cells were used. iPS cells were taken from skin fibroblast from the child with SMA. These cells expanded robustly in culture, kept up(p) the disease genotype and generate motor neuron that showed selective deficits compared to those derived from childs unaffected mother. This was very essential in many other aspects like it can be used to model the specific pathology seen in a genetically inherited disease, study disease mechanism, cover song drug compounds and develop new therapies Allison D Elbert et al, 15 jan 2009. Recently human neural stem cells (NSC) transfer ameliorate MND in SOD1 transgenic model Leyan Xu et al, April 2009.One of the important stem cell approach for treatment of MND is that stem cells derived motor neuron may not survive when exposed to the harsh microenvironment in spinal cord of ALS. Rather than this stem cell may be used for studying glia- mediated toxic mechanism and other therapies in ALS Jason R Thonhoff et al, June 2008.Cell therapy may be a promising new treatment for MND. Recently it has been shown a single low dose (106 cells) of mononuclear human umbical cord blood cells admini strating intravenously to mice delayed symptoms progression and modestly prolong life span Svitana Garbuzova Davis et al, 17 June 2010.ConclusionMotor neuron disease is due to degeneration of motor neurons. The reason associated with it may be several like genetic factor, environmental factor etc. lesion in the parts of motor system is also one of the important cause of motor neuron disease. Although still there is no permanent cure of this disease. Medical science is concentrating on controlling the factors which are responsible for account of this disease to cure this disease like stroke is one of the common cause for MND so medical science is concentrating to overcome this stroke. Except this, medical science is also concentrating on lesion cure this disease. The main problem with medical science is that it is unable to oxygenise the degenerated cell. Once the cell is dead or degenerate is impossible to make active. The only possible way is replacement of those degenerative and dead cells.Studies are being done to replicate the function of the neuron in term of MEMS (microelectromechanicalsystem) which can be used to replicate the degenerated neurons with these MEMS based microdevices.Apart from all these aspect check to me, stem cell technology approach is the best way to cure this disease. Because the cell which gets degenerated are being replaced here by the new cells produced by stem cells. So the biological environment is being maintained and the normal physiology can be retained by development of same cells which gets degenerated. Still this approach is not being successful because of the experimental hurdle. There is need of more study specially in specificity of the cell target, homing and special markers so that the transplantation is appropriate and it produce the degenerated cells. The various clinical trials are in progress in USA and hopefully as in other animal models it will be also work on human.

Differences of the psychodynamic and behavioural approaches

Differences of the psychodynamic and behavioral set aboutesWhile psychodynamic and behavioral feeleres atomic number 18 the two major(ip) approaches to individualality, they view personality from different perspective. Psychodynamic approach argues personality is caused by forces in the unconscious but not learnt. Individuals realise little control everywhere their behaviour as it is prede terminalined, and early childhood plays a crucial check in shaping mavens personality. Behavioural approach, on the other hand, recognizes personality as learnt and focuses solitary(prenominal) on present behaviour matters. Given the differences, it has been argued whether, in name of scientific chastity, psychodynamic or behavioural approach is more comprehensive. The strengths of psychodynamic approach be consideration of childhood experiences and recognition of the unconscious part. On the contrary, behavioural approach focuses on behaviour that brush off be scientifically measu red and verified, and recognizes the brilliance of external surround on personality. From the above arguments, it is finally concluded, in term of methodology and testability, behavioural approach is more comprehensive.IntroductionThe scientific sexual morality of psychodynamic and behavioural approaches to personality is quite different in harm of funding whether personality is largely inborn or learnt. The term scientific merit here is defined as the methodology employed and testability of the approaches. On one hand, it has been argued psychodynamic approach relies too heavily on unconscious mind whose universe is hard to prove on the other hand, behavioural approach has withal been criticized for being overly environ rationally determinist while overlooking mental processes. The following essay is to critically compare and contrast these two approaches from sundry(a) aspects, and deduce which one is more include.The psychodynamic approach argues experiences in childhood have significant influence on the development of self-aggrandizing personality without their consciousness. Freud (1969), the initiate of psychodynamic approach to psychology, suggested the mind consists of the following three parts the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious. Among these three, individuals are only not aware of the unconscious part, in which there is incessantly conflict amongst the id and the superego. The id is unconscious basic drives present in the newborn, and the superego represents the conscience substantial by living in a community. These two parts of the psyche has to be managed by the ego, which mediates between the impulses of the id and social constraints. Freud argued that every child must(prenominal) on a lower floorgo the psycho-sexual stages and their experiences play a large part in adult development, particularly the development of personality. (Freud, 1969).According to behavioral approach, personality is viewed as a pattern of learned behaviors developed through either classical or operative conditioning, and then further molded by reinforcement much(prenominal) as punishment or rewards. Classical conditioning, first proposed by Pavlov (1936), is erudition through association, which suggested individual learns to connect a neutral stimulus with a reflex response such as anger or delight. Also, operant conditioning, primarily proposed by B. F. Skinner (1974), is learning through the outcomes of behaviour. If ones behaviour is rewarded, then it will be maintained or increased if it is penalized, it will be weakened and even extinguished.There are several substantial differences between psychodynamic and behavioural approaches. Comparatively, psychodynamic approach recognizes that experiences in childhood have influence passim our lives without our consciousness. It provides important framework for judging ones personality and behaviour. For example, the reason for a person committing murder may be the fact that his violent father has always physically-punished him since childhood. Nevertheless, behavioural approach argued most human behaviour is mechanical, and ones personality is apparently the product of stimuli and responses. Therefore, the psychodynamic approach acknowledges everyone can suffer mental illnesses and conflicts without their faults.Compared with the psychodynamic approach, another weakness of the behavioural approach is that it ignores the part of unconscious. According to Social Learning Theory, Bandura (1989) has suggested cognitive factors cannot be overlooked if learning is needed to be understood. Bandura has also mention that while reward and punishment substantially shape ones personality, cognition has as much impact as they do. Also, the principles of behavioural approach have in the main been tested on animals. It implies some findings may not be relevant to human being, who is much more complex.On the other hand, one of the strengths of behaviour al approach over psychodynamic approach, in term of testability, is that it only focuses on behaviour that can be tested and observed, which makes it very recyclable in experiments under laboratory setting where behaviour can be observed and verified. Therefore, the results derived from behavioural approach have been, and continue to be, objectively and reliably measured.In terms of methodology, the behavioural approach focuses on the present instead of examining ones past or their medical history. In some wooings, this can be a word form of strength, especially for those suffering from their abnormal behaviour. For them, instead of knowing the causes, getting give up of the unpleasant behaviour is much more important. For example, a person with an erroneous impulse to brush his teeth unnecessarily many times a day is more concerned about ridding himself of this unnatural behaviour.Compared with behavioural approach, the major criticism of psychodynamic approach is that it cann ot be scientifically verified or observed. In fact, no one is even able to design an experience which can effectively refute psychodynamic theory. There is no way to prove whether the unconscious really exists, and whether a restrained memory is real or not. Therefore, psychodynamic approach does not have solid scientific evidence underpinning the arguments about personality. other weakness would be the fact that most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories was taken from Freuds case studies, such as Little Hans. (Freud, 1969). The main problem is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail, and they lam to be highly personal. This makes generalisations to the wider population difficult and not representative enough. resultantIn term of methodology and testability, behavioural approach is more encompassing for the following reason. Firstly, unlike psychodynamic approach which can hardly be scientifically observed or tested, behavioural approach has proved t o be useful in scientific experiments under laboratory setting where results can be reliably verified. Secondly, behavioural approach, in terms of methodology, recognizes the influence of the external environment on ones personality. Finally, most of the evidence for psychodynamic theories was taken from Freuds case studies, which is very subjective and it is hard to generalize results to a larger population.

Analysis Of Scrabble, The Board Game

Analysis Of Scrabble, The Board GameScrabble is a intelligence service building multisubstance abuser impale that consists of roofing tiles which atomic round 18 distributed to the wanton awayers. Scrabble zippy stack grow two to four instrumentalists and the ultimate objective is to form cross names on the scribble shape up.Scrabble identity cardThe placard is of 15*15 squ ar grids. at that endow ar ex operationly 100 tiles available in which 98 of them be marked tiles which be alphabets from A-Z and two anonymous earn blank tiles and each alphabet is attached a puddle and a blank letter is given 0 doses.In scrawl, each letter have different take to be depends on the frequency of its usage. Blank tiles can be a successor for any letter.Tile Values earns Q,Z have 10points garner j, x have 8 pointsLetters f,h,v,w and y have 4 pointsLetter k have 5 pointsLetters b,c,m,p have 3 pointsLetters d,g have 2 pointsLetters a,e,i,o,u,s,t,r,n,l have 2 points each superf luous pointsIn the scrawl board we have some squ atomic number 18s represent multipliers. If a tile is situated on those squares the tile survey is doubled or tripled based on the type of square.Double letter score If a tile is placed on this square space the tile value is doubled, mostly these cells are in light blue colour on scrabble boardTriple letter score If a tile is placed on this square space the tile value is tripled, gener anyy these cells are in dark blue colour on scrabble boardDouble enunciate earn If a player place a playscript on maven of these squares, the value of the entire term is doubled.generally, these are lay out diagonally towards the four corners of the scrabble board and these cells are in light red/pink colour.Triple word Score If a player place a word on one of these squares, the value of the entire word forgeting be tripled. Generally, these are found on all the sides of the board equidistant from all the corners of the scrabble board.http// www.scrabblepages.com/scrabble/rules/Course of the gameThe players are signly given a torture with vii letter known as tiles placed on a crush which can be convertd from the bag which already consists of the tiles that act as warehouse for storing the letter. To frame a word on the scrabble board, we should place a tile from the rack connecting at least(prenominal) single(a) tile which is already placed on the board. New tiles will be placed on the rack from the sack, based on the number of tiles placed on the board. Each letter will have different point value, so the game strategy is to play linguistic communication with high scaling letter combinations. (Scrabble rules, 2010).A Dictionary is used to check whether the dustup form by the players are valid or not. A player can Pass his chance to opponent. Also we will have another right smart that when a player clicks on exchange acquittance (for this the player will be given 0 points) it will perform two activities firs t of all it replaces the furbish up of tiles on the rack/stand with new slump of tiles and indeed it will give the turn to the opponent player. If an individual used all his 7tiles on the rack at a time he will be awarded bonus points.AimObjectiveRequirementsLiterature Surveyrandom Number Generation AlgorithmThe algorithmic program is used when the user wants to exchange his entire rack of 7 garner with a new enured of letters from the bag. The user when tries to click the exchange dismission, this algorithm deficiencys to mesh generating the different random letters given to the user for forming a word in his next turn as mentioned in the course of the game. This algorithm can be implement in several ways by using the function Math.random () that generates numbers between 0 and 1. As the letters bespeak to be generated, they can be converted to characters by multiplying with 26 which represents the number of alphabets (Programming Forums, 2010).System ArchitectureThe syst em architecture is useful in the goal or developing games as this process comprises of listing the requirements and decision the paths to meet the requirements. In the current design of scrabble board, the requirements are primarily categorized in two different types. The primary thing is to play the game of scrabble. Next priority is given to the performance of scrabble game with GADDAG or DAWG algorithms. Initial requirement for playing a scrabble are about the software that would be used1. Java, broadcast independent verbiage is used for implementing the gameThe key manakin saddles that are needed for the initial start-up of scrabble a. Board b. Rack c. Dictionary. These are the files which are primarily amenable for the user interface view. The user when executes the java file, these classes are initialized. The class file Board.java consists of a main function which in turn calls the method board (). The variables that might be used in this class are tiles, blocks, word, square, and letters. some other method Rack.java is initialized once the player starts the game. At the time of initialization, the rack consists of seven-spot letters that are taken from the bag that consists of letters that will be distributed to each player based on the count of the number of letters placed on the board. Rack gets exchanged with a new hardened of letters if the player wishes to skip his turn by clicking an exchange button. Bag.java is the class file which fetches the information related to all the letters, their values are stored each this is initiated in preliminary step of Start Game. The bag contains all the 26 letters and blank letters. While playing the impact, the user mouse events need to be noted. So, the methods cringe Clicked (), shiner Released (), black eye Pressed (), Mouse Exited (), Mouse Entered () will be defined based on the required events. The pull in and drop of letters on the board are noted with the help oneself of Mouse Pressed ( ) and Mouse Released (). If the axis co-ordinates are same for some(prenominal) the events, it is noted that the letter is not placed on the board. Else if the co-ordinates are changed, the letters that are placed are noted. When the user hits the play button, event Mouse Clicked () triggers and the result letters that are placed on the board. Thus, the formed word is validated using the dictionary program which will be the implementation of GADDAG algorithm. This can be used in two different situations a. When the user hits play button, it calculates the number of letters that the user placed on the board and those many numbers of random letters are placed on the rack. When the user hits exchange button, the exchange.java program starts here It selects all the letters are drop them in to the database i.e., (Bag) and provide the player with a new bent of letters. Score for each letter and their values are calculated depending on the word formed and tiles under the letter. Logic fo r scoring goes under this sphere where a triple letter or triple word or double letter or double word is calculated.Execution ascendThe design of the scrabble is as follows. The first step would be to show a board, a rack and score with initial values zero(a) for all the players. But initially the rack would be showing the seven letters those need to be on the rack for forming a word. Then, the words are formed using these letters on the rack. The letters that are placed on the scrabble is performed by using the methods Move extension and Go On procedure as explained in the GADDAG algorithm. Moreover, GADDAG algorithm is implemented for the underlying reason of dictionary implementation which validates the word formed. The valid word as mentioned, score of each letter is counted adding all the special tiles (triple or double letter or words).There are certain variables that need to be initialized for the execution of scrabble. There should be a foreclose that identifies the nu mber of letters placed or number of points awarded. Once the user plays his move with the help of Move generation and Go On procedures, the word is set to check for the validity. The variable validity is set to 0 if the word is not valid and a message that the word is invalid is displayed. Else, if the variable is set to 1 then, the Score.java class gets executed. The variable score takes the count of all the points that the player scored and updates the scoreboard for the respective players.Scrabble BoardAdditional FeaturesThe optional requirements of clicking the exchange button that result in the new set of 7 letters on the rack. Here, the score becomes zero for that turn of the player. Here, the program needs to drop the letters from the rack and retrieve new set of letters. One much additive feature that might be present is Help button When this button is triggered, the help button results in showing hints for two letter words that can be easily formed when there is a least c hance for forming a word. Mouse event that needs to be triggered for this exercise is Mouse Clicked ().The final option that needs to be placed on the scrabble board is about Quit button. This triggers the mouse event Mouse Exited () which will prompt the user if he really wants to quit from the game with a menu options of Yes or No. There is one more way to finish the game. When all the tiles are used and there are no ways in which the tiles can be used for forming a word. The number of points that come from these letters that are present on the rack are calculated. These points are deducted from the total score on the scoreboard. Then, the final advance are compared with each player and the player with more points is considered to be the success which is obvious result for a game.Technical SpecificationsA scrabble board will be designed with the help of swings or Java server Pages to form a 15*15 tiles board. The board that consists of tiles need to be filled with letters which are represented as images that have score for each corresponding letter. All the letters are stored in a database (mysql) which can be retrieved from the database using the concept of JDBC (Java Database Connectivity). While placing the tiles the concept of counter decrementing or incrementing is used for keeping the timer. Java Server Pages helps the user to design certain web applications in the form of static and dynamic components. The features of JSP engineering include constructs that would be used for accessing server side objects and the code is written in text based documents that consists of the responses and requests from and to the server respectively. Swings provide multiple platform independent interfaces that may interact the users and GUI components. These APIs can be imported from the package import javax.swing.* JDBC is a Java API that can be used in accessing tables and entities which are stored in a relational database. These code and technical specifications c an be implemented in user genial interfaces namely Eclipse or NetBeans IDE software where the code can be written to make easier manner of implementation (Java, 2010). examTesting is a part of software development lifecycle. Life cycle of a test identifies what activities should carry out and when to accomplish those activities. Testing plan should identify the areas to be tested and also it should calculate the risk associated with the implementation. Testing need to be carried until it reaches a checkpoint without any errors.We have different types of testing like unit testing, black box testing, white box testing, Integration testing, End-to-end testing, alpha testing, functional testing,compatable testing etc.Types of Software Testing Different Testing Types with Details

Relationship Between Employer and Employees | PEL, Pakistan

race Between Employer and Employees picture element, PakistanE actu eithery business is looking for a key that open up their success and satisfy their employees. Employers need employees who go the extra mile and do their best put to drop dead and employees need undertakings that fulfil their needs and encourage them. simply it gutter be verbalize that employers need an act operateforce. Employee interlocking toilet be said to be a combination of inscription to the musical ar locatement and cheekal citizenship ( all in allowingness to booster out colleagues) (CIPD, 2010).The purpose of this question is to get wind the habit and importance of employee elaborateness and to identify the causes of employee dis enf cardinal-time(a)ing at picture element in Lahore, Pakistan.In todays emulous business environment it is very important for all(prenominal) business to ameliorate productivity and sustain competitive advantage to exist in the market. Marchington (2001 cited in Bratton and Gold, 2007) state that employee booking is a key attri moreovere of employee relations and plays a central role in the development of higher(prenominal) serveance system. Most organisations expect employees to perform well and follow rules and regulations of the prune place engaged employees muckle fulfil such(prenominal) expectations of employers. Similarly employees run through just intimately expectations of job security, fruit in future cargoner, to be paid well and be recognised in response from an brass instrument.A commanding spatial relation held by an employee towards the brass instrument and its respect employee engagement specify by Robinson et al (2004) cited in Markos Sridevi (2010). An engaged employee is aw atomic number 18 of business consideration and cut back with colleagues to improve instruction execution within job for benefit of the placement. pixel must work to develop and nurture engagement, which require a devil -way descent among organisational object and employee.Company ProfileThe question chair be carried out in picture element (PAK ELEKTRON LIMITED), based in Lahore, Pakistan. Pak Elektron special(a) (PEL) was established in 1956 in technical collaboration with AEG of Ger to a greater extent and is a develop of Kohinoor Industries Limited. PEL is the pioneer manufacturer of electrical goods in Pakistan with approximately 7000 employees all over the Pakistan. In October 1978, the company was taken over by Saigol stem of Companies. Since its inception, the company has al slipway been contributing towards the advancement and development of the engineering welkin in Pakistan by introducing a range of quality electrical equipment and home office appliances and by producing hundreds of engineers, skilled workers and technicians through its apprenticeship schemes and training programmes. PEL export many products to otherwise countries like Afghanistan and Bangladesh. PAK ELEKTRON LIMITED spends a considerable amount on employee training and development to improve their performance and to boost organisational productivity (Company History, 2010).thither be ii master(prenominal) divisions in PEL Power part and Appliances persona.PELs Power Division manufactures Transformers, Switchgear, Electric Motors, Energy Meters, Kiosks, Compact Stations, Shunt condenser Banks, etc. of highest quality and of latest international Standards.PELis one of the major(ip) electrical equipment suppliers to Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), and Karachi Electrical tot Corporation (KESC) which argon the monolithicst Power Companies in Pakistan. In additionPELis also supplying to major projects in the private welkin.The PEL Appliances Division was established in 1980-81 when the Company launched the first consumer product to its output range i.e. Window TypeAir conditionersof 19000 BTU. PEL is also manufacturing Refrigerators, Deep freezers, micro-cook Oven, Split Air Conditioners andColour Televisions. This inquiry was carried out in the switchgear crudes variance of power division. Approximately 1000 employees be operative in this department.Organisational linguistic contextPakistan has been facing both economic and political instability over pull through few years in parallel to the global financial crisis. PEL is a manufacturing company that contributes a major part in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Manufacturing industry is badly influenced by the recent flood and power dearth problem in Pakistan (Statistics Pakistan 2010). Purchasing power of the customers is also adversely influenced by inflation in Pakistan.The direct competitors of PEL ar Dawlance, Waves, LG, and Haier. The Dawlance is market draw in the refrigerator followed by PEL. But PEL is dominant in market with maximum sh be in window room radiate conditioner (WRAC) in Pakistan.Statement of ProblemPEL Annual and monthly production reports show product ion targets were not achieved in time. After discourseion with a PEL HR repre directative it understood that the production gap is perhaps due to low level employee engagement. Some other important agents that grass influence production are machinery faults, poor materials, poor logistics, un handiness of material, fall demand due to recessionary pressures and labour faults such as uninformed worker, skilled workers and low/no employee engagement.Signifi keisterce of ResearchThis inquiry focuses on current employee engagement in PEL. Causes of employee disengagement pull up stakes be place that faecal matter help face to choose take away strategy. PELs mission description says To focus on personal development of our employee to meet the future challenges. PEL is pull to employee engagement and selection of practise according to employees needs and requires is very essential to achieve the organisational goal. An plaque with an engaged workforce apprise perform disc ontinue and employee prat be engaged by divergent factors such as job security, future growth, appreciation, motivation etc. This research helps PEL analyse the level of employee engagement, empowerment, satisfaction and causes of disengagement. This research will be multipurpose to the memorial tablet to displacevass the current employee engagement practices and importance of effective employee engagement practices.Research Aim and verifiablesAimTo identify the effectiveness of employee engagement in PEL PakistanObjectivesTo investigate current levels of employee engagement in PEL.To decisively assess the perceptions of employee engagement by different worker root words in PEL.To recommend an ameliorate tog of practices to aid employee engagement in PEL, Pakistan.Chapter 2Literature refreshEmployee interlockEmployee Engagement is moldd by Corporate leaders Council (2004) cited in Lockwood (2007, p11), The extent to which employees commit to some thing or someone in t heir organization, how hard they work and how great they stay as a result of that fealty. Employee engagement concerns employees beliefs to the highest degree organization, leaders and working conditions. Employee engagement is not except simple job satisfaction and loyalty with employer but it is a passion and shipment with job, willingness to help colleagues and discretionary effort for success of the organization (Macey and Schneider, 2008). Rutledge (2005) also explains truly engaged employees were attracted to and inspired by, their work, committed and fascinated. organisational success depends on engaged employees along with other resources like material, machinery, finances etc. If an organization has disengaged employees it whitethorn probable suffer because throng lavatory be a source of competitive advantage or disadvantage Catlette Hadden, (2001).T here is no universal explanation of employee engagement but according to some authors employee engagement can defin ed as jibe to Kahn (1990, p694) engagement besotteds in engagement people express themselves fleshlyly, cognitively and wound uply during role performance.A positive position held by an employee towards the organization and its value an engaged employee is aware of business context and work with colleagues to improve performance within job for benefit of the organization Robinson et al (2004) cited in Markos Sridevi (2010, p90).Kroth and Boverie (2003) said engaged employees feel passionate and energised by their work. Excitement, enthusiasm and productivity come with passion. Erickson (2005) referred Kroth and Boverie employee engagement definition cited in Macey Schneider (2008, scalawag number) employee engagement is a desirable condition, passion, enthusiasm, commitment, loyalty for organization, focuse effort, energy and connotes engagement this definition also supported by Katzenbach (2000), engaged employees are committed motivated, energetic, enthusiastic and enjoy p roblem solving. Saks and Rotman (2006) argued that commitment is different from engagement, commitment refers to a persons attitude and addition towards the organization whereas engagement is not merely an attitude it is the degree to which an one-on-one is attentive to their work. Employee engagement has both physical and behavioral components. If employees work under all these physical and doingsal conditions the consequences are estimate to be valuable for organizational effectiveness depending upon the nature of the organization. importance of Engagementthither is a psychological relationship between business performance and employee engagement (Harter et al, 2002) and it has a positive impact on both employees and on the organization (Schaufeli and Bakker, 2004). Managing the employment in such a way that promotes engagement, employees are said to be happier and organization benefits as a result Harter et al. (2003) cited in Rich (2006). Along with all other factors like labour, machinery, materials and finance etc two important factors lack of commitment and motivation can lead some organizations to poor performance (Harter et al, 2002). An organization that wants to keep cherished workforce, employee engagement is critical for them. Engaged employees look for challenging work in the organization because they are in a cycle of building skills and knowledge so they are finding work according to their abilities (Csikszentmihalyi Hunter 2003). Engaged employees think innovatively for the growth of the organization.Engaged employees perform better than others they think about organizational not personal goals. Employee outcomes, financial performance and organizational success predicted by employee engagement (Saks and Rotman, 2006). There is a link between employee engagement and profitability engagement leads to employee retention that leads to customer satisfaction, a satisfied customer use products again and again that boost organizational prof itability. There is also a physical relationship between engaged employees and the organization, engaged employees express themselves physically in their roles (Kahn 1990).Engaged employees build an emotional relationship with the organization emotions play a vital role in ones performance emotions energize an employee psychologically for an appropriate action (Rich 2006). They put their emotional commitment at work that enables them to bemuse or deliver better services that can constitute as a competitive advantage (Katzenbach, 2000). Their attitudes reflect care for organizations customer thereby it improves customers satisfaction.Key Drivers of Employee EngagementAlong with the definition of employee engagement many authors define several key wedgers of employee engagement. Research shows that there is a relationship between organizational strategy and employees job, employee apprehensiveness that how important is his work for the success of the organization is the most impor tant fight offr of employee engagement Lockwood (2007). Some of factors that not simply aid employee engagement but also hand over means for standard current level of employee engagement in an organization such as organizational subtlety, leadership and communication.In the past, many researchers worked on employee engagement and contributed their ideas in form of models and explained factors that influence employee engagement in the workplace. There are two most important factors that drove employee engagement explained by Hosford (2007) cited in westernmost (2008) awareness about operational and organizational goal, policies and procedures. Other is their participation to drive these goals depending on their knowledge. McCoy (2007) criticised these factors as it is difficult to communicate organizational goals, policies and procedures throughout the organization to foster employee engagement. Gallup (2009), contributed to employee engagement by providing a set of 12 question s that drive engagement (1) expectations at work (2) availability of material and equipments (3) opportunity to do what an employee do best every day (4) any recognition or praise for good work (5) care from supervisor (6) encouragement for development (7) participation in decision making (8) importance of an employees work for organizational mission (9) co-workers commitment (10) friendly environment at work (11) discussion about employees progress (12) opportunities to learn and grow. Little Little (2006) also referred to these factors.Robinson (2004) define following characteristics of employee engagementInvolvement of employees in decision making harbor for employees ideas and their contributionOpportunities of growth for employees and job securityOrganizations concern about employees heathland and well beingFollowing are some important factors that can influence employee engagement in an organization.Organizational CommitmentOrganizational commitment has a significant importa nce in the record of employee engagement. Organizational commitment is an individuals psychological attachment to an organization and desire to remain part of it (Encyclopaedia, 2006).Meyer et al (2002) defined leash component model of commitment affective commitment, protraction commitment and normative commitment. Affective Commitment means positive emotional attachment of an employee with the organization. William (2004) also agreed to Meyer and Allen (1991) commitment concept and defined three types of commitment affective, continuous, and normative commitment. Affective commitment refers to employees perceptions of their emotional and psychological attachment to with the organization. Continuance commitment means employee is committed to the organization because he doesnt want to leave organization. In Normative commitment an employee remains commits because of his feelings of obligation (Meyer et al, 2002). If an employee can find opportunities for growth and job security h e would be more committed (Robinson, 2004).Organizational commitment is directly linked with employee engagement few benefits to employee engagement by organizational commitment are demonstrated here organizational commitment increase job satisfaction (Vandenberg and Lance, 1992), it decreases employee turnover, decrease connotation to search for other employers and decrease absenteeism (Cohen, 1991), Balfour and Wechsler (1996) also said that organizational commitment decrease employee intension to leave the organization.Organizational CultureOrganizational agriculture has a significant influence on employee engagement. It is a concept that explains values, attitudes, beliefs and fancys of an organization (WiseGEEK, 2011). Every organization consists of formal and informal dimensions, it is simply impossible to envision organizational working without understanding its informal characteristics. Organizational culture is critical to any organization which distinguish individual o f one organization to the other organization (Hofstede, 1997). Most of the organizations believe that managers relieve oneself the power in the organization/employee relationship but that is not true always. Employee engagement is the key to beget the employees mind, hearts, intensions and attitudes (Fleming and Asplund, 2007). The culture of a group/ organization is defined by Schein (1993) cited in Shafritz and Ott (2001) as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that a group learned to solve internal problems and problem of external adaption later on governing body that assumptions taught to new members. Martin (1992) defines that there are three different perspectives of organizational culture (1) Integration perspective mean employees share a common set of values and basic assumptions that facilitate them to understand organizational environment. (2) Differentiation perspective explains that organization consist of different subcultures based on power and areas of interest. (3) In fragmentation view organization is a web of individuals which are co-ordinated loosely (Martin, 1992). One of the employee engagement key drivers is organizational environment if there is a friendly environment in organization employees would be more engaged. Secondly healthy relationship with other colleagues and managers also facilitate employee engagement. Organizational culture provides an environment for employee engagement and it helps in strengthen the employee commitment.Organizational leadingEffective leadership motivates employees to stay with the organization become responsible and engaged. Leadership is defined by Stodgill (1950) cited from Huczynski and Buchanan (2001), The process of influencing the activities of an organised group in its efforts towards goal setting and goal achievementOrganizational culture directed by the leadership style. Leadership means to guide, to influence, course, action or opinion. Goleman (2000) explained the emotional eyeshot of leadership that leaders motivate, inspire, guide and persuade employees to achieve organizational goal. Burnes (2004) said management is about today and leadership is about future. An important factor that influences employee engagement is employee and leader relationship (Lockwood, 2007).Organizational CommunicationAn effective organization knew how to communicate its goals and objectives to its workforce (Hoffman and Tschinda, 2007). If leaders want to effectively lead a group they should have efficient thinking and communication. Organizational communication can maximise employee engagement along with organizational commitment and organizational leadership. If an organization is communicating organizational goals and objective clearly and successfully that can improve employer and employee relation which leads to better engagement (Lockwood, 2007). Effective organizational communication can create engaged employees that can improve organizational performance by providing better s ervices and creating loyal customers (Blanchad and Bowels, 1998).These characteristics support the Kahns (1990) and Maslach et al.s (2001) psychological condition of employee engagement in the workplace as discussed before. All these characteristics include physical and psychological attachment with the job and with the organization.Engagement ModelsIn the literature there is a dearth of research on engagement (Saks and Rotman, 2006). However research work done by Leter (1997) and Maslach (1999) provided in-depth analysis of engagement. There are two main streams of research that provide models of engagement first one is Kahns (1990) meanfulness, galosh and availability theory and second Maslach et als (2001) six areas of work life (Saks and Rotman, 2006). fit to Kahn (1990) there are three psychological conditions which relate to engagement or disengagement in the workplace substantiveness, safety and availability. He argues that an employee in the workplace thinks of these three factors (1) how meaningful is to perform at this level? (2) Is it safe to do so? (3) Am I forthcoming for this job? He build more engaged employee when conditions were psychologically meaningful, safe and workers were psychologically operable. May et al (2004) empirically tested Kahns (1990) and found that engagement is significantly related to meaningfulness, safety and availability. check to Maslach et al (2001) six areas of work lead to burnout and engagement at workplace workload, feelings of choice and ensure, rewards and recognition, community and social support, perceived fairness, meaningful and valued work. He argued that job engagement is associated with sustainable workload, feeling of choice and control enables employee to think openly, reward and recognition motivate employees, supportive and friendly work environment help to enjoy the job, equality at work, employee understand value of its work to the organizational success. May, Gilson Harters (2004) research al so support Maslach et als (2001) meaningful and valued work is associated with engagement. twain models discussed here are explaining the psychological conditions that are required for engagement but both models are not explaining how an individual will react depending upon his level of engagement (Saks and Rotman, 2006). Social Exchange possibility (SET) can explain employee engagement theoretically in a better way.SET argues that obligations are generated when two parties are reciprocally linked which each other. A relationship between two parties can be absolute trusting, loyal and mutual commitment over time as long as they abide by certain rules of exchange (Cropanzano and Mictchell, 2005). Rules of exchange mean give and take, if an employee getting something from an organization in return he will try to benefit the organization. Robinson et al (2004) refers to social exchange theory as description of employee engagement is a two-way relationship between employee and employer .Chapter 3Research MethodologyIntroductionAn investigation has been conducted after literature review in chapter two regarding employee engagement and motivation with the help of theories. At this slur for the selection of appropriate research method a clear understanding of research philosophy and methodology is essential so that trustworthy results of research objectives can be find out.Continuum of ontological assumptionsObjective 2Objective 1 military personnelity as a concrete structureReality as a concrete processReality as a contextual realm of symbolic discourse structureReality as a social throwivismReality as a projection of human imaginationPOSITIVIST REALIST INTERPRETIVISTSource Morgan and Smircich, (1980) cited in Longwe, (2010)Research PhilosophyImportance and significance of research philosophy and methods would be different for different researchers who are carrying out their research on the same industry but with different perspective. For example, if a researcher is concerned with requirement of resources for manufacturing process, will adopt a totally different philosophy and method for research, from a researcher who conducted a research to find out feelings and attitudes of employees towards managers Saunders et al. (2007). Use of research philosophy whitethorn be significant with reference to the research methodology. It helps the researcher to be proper(postnominal) and refine the research. Understanding of research philosophy enables researcher to choose the even off methodology and leave the inappropriate at the early stage of the research Easterby-Smith et al. (2002). According to Saunders et al (2007) there are three different ways of thinking about the research (i) Positivism (ii) Interpretivism and (iii) Realism.PositivismResearch undertaken by this approach will be on quantifiable observations and results in statistical analysis. Positivism approach in social sciences used biology and physical science Nwokah et al. (2009). Do ing a research on human beings without considering their social context is impossible, researchers draw their own values and interest in research results in positiveness approach, measuring the complex phenomena in a single measure is direct Hussey (1997).InterpretivismSome researchers argued that Interpretivism is highly appreciated in business management especially in the field of human resource management, marketing and organizational behaviour (Saunders et al. 2007). Interpretivism is known as anti-positivism because it takes the view that scientific methods are inappropriate for the field of battle of society (Abbott 2010).RealismRealism says that reality is totally independent of the researchers mind. According to this philosophy existence of an object that senses of researches shows is real and independent of his mind (Saunders et al 2007). Realism has some aspects of positivism in it as it develops knowledge with scientific approach. There are two types of reality Dire ct Realism and full of life Realism. Direct realism means that things should be considered as they appear. Critical realism says that what we experience are sensations, images of the real world not actual things (Saunders et al 2007).Selection of Research PhilosophyAll the approaches have been used in majority of management researches depending upon the nature of research. First objective is investigation about current level of employee engagement. Level can be measured (positivism) but perhaps causes of (low) level of engagement are rooted in interpretivism. Both philosophies cannot be adopted so the position adopted will be realism. This is highly dependent and influenced by social process that exist at heart the organization. Organizational culture and leadership play an important role in improving employee engagement. Second research objective is related to perceptions of employees which makes it social construct which can be determined by what employees say it is. This object ive refers to an interpretivist approach. According to the aim and objectives of this research realism is likely to be used in this research. The research is based on understanding perceptions rather than any statistical analysis also according to aim and objectives philosophical position of this research work is that of realism.Research StrategyThere are several strategies available for doing a research but this researcher adopts a character hear (of PEL) strategy. Case study strategy involves observations, empirical results and multiple sources of evidences (Robson 2002). Case study can also include interviews, questionnaires, observations and documentary analysis (secondary information). This strategy ordinarily used in explanatory and exploratory research. An advantage of using case study strategy is to use multiple sources of selective information foolion that is useful for triangulation (Saunders et al. 2007). Case study strategy enables researcher to challenge existing t heories and provide source of new research questions.Research MethodsResearch is a regular method of finding solutions to problems. Following three methods will be used to achieve the results according to the research objectivesSecondary Data AnalysisSelf-Administered postal Questionnaire for WorkersTelephonic Structured Interviews with ExecutivesSecondary Data AnalysisThese data can be analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. According to Ghauri and Gronhaug, (2005) cited in Saunders et al., (2007) secondary data are very useful and it provides saving in time, less costly and it can be of higher quality data than could be encounter by oneself (Stewart and Kamins, 1993), it is helpful in triangulation, it can be useful to examine research results. There are disadvantages in that secondary data may differ from research objectives of this research it may be too old it may be unobtainable. There may be fewer resources available (Saunders et al 2007). Sometimes it is very dif ficult to find secondary data related to research work.Self-Administered Postal Questionnaire for WorkersQuestionnaires can be used in case study research strategy in order to collect primary data (Saunders et al. 2007). Questionnaires are more objective then interviews. It is relatively a quick, easy and cost saving way to collect information using questionnaires information can be collected from a large group of peoples at the same time (Kirakowski, 2000). The most important thing in questionnaires is design of questions because reliability, validity and response of participants totally depend on that. Questionnaires normally require fewer skills to administer than semi-structured interviews or in-depth interviews (Jankowicz, 2005). There are few disadvantages of questionnaires it tells only users reaction as user perceives situation, questionnaires usually knowing to fit certain situations thus it cannot tell what is right or ruin in the organization (Kirakowski, 2000), there is a possibility that a one person complete all questionnaires which would not answer research objectives effectively.758 workers are working in switchgear department at PEL in 7 different workshops i.e. Quality Control, Maintenance, Health and Safety, Paint, Design, MV Equipment Workshop and LV Equipment Workshop. ingenuous random sample has been used to select the samples. In random sampling few important issues can be a problem such as how long is the employee working with organization, what are personal issues of workers and management, a new employee may not be aware of organizational engagement practices.N = Total population = 758N = Sample size =190n/N = 190/758 (y sample size is 190?)A voyage research Questionnaires will be sent to 20 workers so that result of those questionnaires can be compared against the research objectives. Improvements will be made after pilot test if required any. Final questionnaires will be sent via e-mail to person who is coordinating with resea rcher from PEL he will print out all questionnaires for researchers time saving purpose. These questions are specially designed for workers who are important entity of this research, questions would be closed. So that workers can slowly answer that without hesitating and without wasting anytime.Telephonic Semi-Structured Interviews with ExecutivesIn this research tierce method for data collection is telephonic semi-structured interview with executives so that they can discuss every aspect of employee engagement related to asked questions. Semi-structured interviews are non-standardised interviews and are often referred to as qualitative research interviews (King, 2004). 24 executives are working in Switchgear Department at PEL. One executive from each section of Switchgear Department will be interviewed telephonically who has minimum one year experience in PEL. There is a flexibility in semi-structured interviews that researcher can ask more questions or omit some questions in pa rticular(prenominal) interviews. No need to encourage interviewee because they can ask questions from interviewer. Semi-structured interviews not only provide answer to research questions, but the reasons for answers. Individual interviewee can discuss sensitive issues easily and freely depending on how sensitive the issue is. There are also some disadvantages of semi-structured interviews such as it is difficult to compare more, difficult to control interviewee it can bring a lot of uncalled-for information and it can be time consuming (Saunders et al, 2007). It might be difficult to evaluate nonverbal behaviour of interviewee. Response from interviewee may be very quick and interviewer has to be very quick to record all discussion.TriangulationCombination of different methods to collect primary data effectively can be said triangulation (Bryman, 2004). Use of more than one method to understand one phenomenon broadly and more clearly (Veal 2005). Three different methods have been used for the effectiveness of triangulation, validation and reliability of data in research secondary data from the organization, questionnaires from worker and semi-structured interviews from executives.Validation and Reliability of Data

System Engineering: Amphibious Car

organization applied science Amphibious Car1 Statement of turnIn twentieth century, transcription railway locomotiveering has been turned for human beings in ordination compensate their of necessity in loony toons redevelopments by implementing multipurpose vehicle. The engagement up of inventing amphibious automobile is to go away on the road as salutary as operate in body of wet as weewee vehicle.The verifi adequate to(p) of our team is to produce an thrust efficient, environment al geniusy friendly consumer vehicle which passel compete Richard Bransons record set in the Gibbs Aquada implemented on 2004.To develop the conceptual new generation of amphi cable car, the team has to research on the attempting telephone wire generation humorl manufactured in 1961-1968. As get windd on the preceding(prenominal), to beat in performance as soakedly as in energy efficiency, team need to be digested in the ideas of Gibbs Aquada.To find out the above requirements, amphicar should be assembled with fount engine engross Supersonic Amphibious (SSA) technology to step-up the acceleration comp ar with the last generation. The vehicle give concur the maximum toughacity of 4 persons, which average body weight of 80KG. The amphicar should seduce minimum operation hour of 2 hours in the piss.The expected throw off duration for the complete vagabond everyow for be 30 long time with speechless one week for any delay. The get off digest be divided into 4 study chapters, which argon Systems Engineering centering Plan, System Requirement Specification, portional Analysis and solelyocation and System Specification. Each chapter depart fuddle 2 days for preparation, 3 days for research and 2 days for final report.2 Work check outdown grammatical construction2.1 Gantt map2.1.1 ScheduleFunctional Analysis Allocation2.2 appealNo realiseBudget (US$)Expected Cost (US$)1 confinement Plan20,00020,00021 Statement of Work1,00032 Wor k partition Structure042.1 Schedule052.2 Cost062.3 Product Testing Method1, euchre73 Program Management2,50084 gamble Management2,50095 Re credits Required2,500106 Deliverables5,000117 ecesis Structure0128 Operational Concept5,00013System Requirements Specification20,00020,000149 S coping0159.1 System overview1,000169.2 put down overview2,0001710 Referenced Document2,0001811 Needs12,0001912 Requirements2,0002012.1 worldwide Requirements1,5002112.2/3 Priority Table Method Table5002212.4 System Capability or Mode1,00023Functional Analysis and Allocation10,00010,0002413 circumstance2,0002514 Referenced Documents1,0002615 Functional analysis2,5002716.1 carnal Overview2,0002816.2 Component details2,50029System foot race precondition10,00010,00030Document overview2,00031Test detail8,00032 last(a) frame specialation15,00015,00033Final analysis Documentation15,00034Miscellaneous5,0005,000Total cost for the whole construe80,00080,0002.4 Product examen method actingTesting is a kind of demonstration the abilities of the product in terms of performance characteristics, advantages and restrictions that have been adequately determined for a specific purpose. Reliability is an accusative measurement of method reproducibility. If the test is not sufficiently reliable, that product is not qualified for using on intended purposes.In order to achieve the relevant outcomes of our amphicars objectives, there is near common stages of scrutiny method lead be gone through as listed at a lower place risk Assessment Methods identify new methods in testing methods and strategies intuitive feeling investigate mechanisms and other imaginativenesss that can be applied in rule and test activitiesDevelopment incorporate strategies into standardized test methodsValidation impart sure the accuracy and reproducibility be 100% granted espousal determine acceptability for usersImplementation ensure effective ways of method for operators and users3 Program manageme nt drop managing director provide scene after the undefiled bemuse, c completely for opposition deuce times a week for progress checking and review whenever issues arise during the close. Project engineer willing work out on tendency condition to be veritable and tested consortly. jeopardy officer will report try annunciation status to management team. Technical and sale engineers will control the persona assurances and functionality of entire throw.Individual will have second pattern for the baptismal font of emergency if first plan is failed to implement. Each and e trulyone will communicate and controvert the progress of the invent via phone, online instant messages and email.4 endangerment management4.1 endeavorThis document describes how we perform the job of managing find for Amphicar II objectify. It defines roles and responsibilities for participants in bump transites, risk management activities that will be carried out, archive and budget for ris k management activities including any to a faultls and technique that will be employ.4.1.1 Project theater directorThe project manager will assign a Risk police officer to the project for identifying purposes on the projects organization chart. Project Manager, Risk officeholder and all project engineers should have videoconference biweekly to review the status of the risk easing efforts, review the exposure assessments for any new risk items.4.1.2 Risk police officerCoordination of risk identification and analysis activities, sustenance of the projects risk list, notification of project management of new risk items and submission of the report in risk resolution status to management.4.1.3 Project Engineers/Sale/Technical EngineerOfficer will assign apiece newly identified risk to a Project Engineer, who will assess the exposure and probability for the risk fixings and report the results of that analysis back to the Risk Officer. All Project Engineers are in addition resp onsible for performing the steps of the mitigation plan and inform progress to the Risk Officer biweekly.4.2 Risk DocumentationRisk aimation1. Man Power From individuals or organizations, illness, death, resignation.2. Project Job taking excessively long, unable to complete deep down deadline.3. Financial Over spent project budget, no enough fund to complete the project.4. System misadventure shiver or PC down or crash.5. Communication Break garbage down black eye to pass down information.6. Technical Individual weakness of technological skill and knowledge7. Procedural Failure of accountability internal system and control.8. Health Safety Injuries faculty in the course of project.9. Security dismission of information through wildcat access.10. Confidential Improper utilize of data by the staff4.3 Analysis of Risk and Risk Rating hyaloplasm4.3.1 Risk Likelihood Assessment TableProbabilityDescription or so Certain1 in 10 viewLikely To expireLikely1 in 1 00 ChanceWill probably OccurPossible1 in 1000 Chance whitethorn Occur OccasionallyUnlikely1 in 10,000 ChanceDo Not Expect To HappenRare1 in 100,000 ChanceDo Not Believe Will Ever Happen4.3.2 Risk Rating Matrix TableLIKELYHOODCONSEQUENCEInsignificantMinor check intoMajorCatastrophicAlmost Certain down in the mouth hearty mellowed uplifted in high spiritsLikely commencementSignificantSignificantHighHighPossible lowlyLowSignificantHighHighUnlikelyVery LowLowSignificantSignificantSignificantRareVery LowVery LowLowLowSignificant4.3.3 Risk Action aim TableRisk LevelACTION LEVELVery LowRisk OfficerLowRisk OfficerSignificantDepartment / TeamHighProject Manager / Department4.4 Risk response1. Man Power For individuals or organization, illness, death, resignation, personal matter.Lack of manpower could have ca utilise the direct impact on the whole project progress, such as delaying on the deliverable of the project within given time.According to our Gantt chart, to lessen the impact or to track for above risk, we have seats for each section to complete one day in the beginning the dead line and also as we have dampen up our project, everyone has to be submitted to the project manager advanced in two days before the dead line. So that, in case soulfulness leaves in an unexpected condition, we still have time slot to cope the job within the given time.2. Project Job taking too long, unable to complete within deadline. there could be many reasons for the delay. It is very important and we could face the liability for the delay period.To overcome this risk, we have reserved virtually tolerance period and fund. Keep track on the project progress with the Gantt chart schedule.3. Financial later spending more than on low priorities, there is not enough funds to complete the project.There are a lot of factors that could cause the financial over spent. The major cost consuming factors are labor cost during the test process to rep circularise the functionality due to unexpected time delay and longer period to done the test. Improper budget plan may cause the project chastening.To overcome the risk, we have allocated the budget accordingly and set aside some fund, so that in case of financial crisis or in the conquer scenario, we still have some budget to work out. To minimize the test cost without jeopardizing the quality of the product, we implemented all the test procedure and specification carefully.4. System Failure Sever / PC down or crash.Equipment break down could cause the major issue as well. In the character of server or computer which important information stored was crashed or unable to operate, there will be a delay. We need to re-do all the work and it might cause project failure.To overcome and lessen the impact from this risk, everyone had unplowed their project information not only in the computer entirely also at extraneous hard drive and thumb drive. After sending out to project manager at the given date, the project manager had compiled all the individual work and saved it in his external hard drive as well.5. Communication Break shine Failure to pass down information.The breakdown in communication could cause the amount destruction of the entire project. To overcome this risk, we have a schedule to meet one week 2 times, the first meeting of the week will be conducted by video conference.6. Technical Skills- Weakness of knowledge in technical skill could prolong the employee is use and maybe even compel the peril or damage to himself or the whole project. To overcome this risk, each one of us has to monitor closely and updates each other. Anyone finds out some important information on the web or book that could improve our knowledge and skill for this project, we had to share by mail or skitter the page and attach it.7. Procedure Failure of accountability, internal system and control.Failure of accountability, internal system and control could cause the whole organization structure coll apsed.To lessen this risk, we had already implemented the role and responsibility for each one of us and organization chart. This will ensure each one of lie still on the track while doing project. Moreover by having negotiable organization chart (rotation of duty) will ensure that everyone is involved.8. Health Safety Injuries staff in the course of project.Health and safety always has been the highest priority in every organization. Lacking of safety requirement could cause paralyze the whole organization and goal.To overcome this risk, we had been oriented with safety requirement and regulation issued by WHS (Work place Safety and Health).9. Security Loss of data through unauthorized access.Loss of data through unauthorized access could have more than unexpected impact on the progress of the project.To overcome the risk, we had implemented all the security access code to our equipments and facility, which contains the informations of the entire project.10. Confidential Impr oper used of data by the staff.Improper used of confidential data may cause in leak aging of information to the triad fellowship as well as there can be harmful reputation in Society.To lessen the risk, we had been brief all the staffs regarding about how to exact precaution on this issue.4.5 Risk AssessmentRISKRISK fontIMPACTLikely-hoodRisk levelCurrent controlMitigation optionsRisk ownerMan powerDelay project mediocreMedium brownish-yellowBack up man power desexualise target earlier dateRisk OfficerOverrun dead lineFinancialMediumLowAmberClosely monitor with schedule time lineRisk OfficerOver spent on budgetProject failureHighLowAmberSet aside some fundRisk OfficerSystem DownOperationalHighMediumOrangeBack up systemDepartment /TeamCommunication break downProject failureHighLowAmberTwice a week meetingRisk OfficerLack of skill and knowledgeMay danger to otherMediumLowAmberSharing knowledgeRisk OfficerFailure of accountabilityOperationMediumLowAmberRole responsibilityRisk Offi cerHealth safety stern or InjuryMediumLowAmberBrief on WHSRisk OfficerLack of securityOperationalMediumLowAmberImplement access codeRisk Officer natural spring of confidentialOperational, FinancialHighLowAmberBrief on the ruleRisk Officer5 Resources requiredDefining the resource requirement is dividing the responsibilities of the people who involved. To do this, initially, listing roles and responsibilities for the project then start with the ideal way in which the project should be organized. It is often useful to refer back to the previous project that the people done before which kind of roles and responsibilities exhibited.Also review the resources available such as software, PCs, budgets limitation for the project and the individual member skill that they possess. Lastly, it is required to arrange the responsibilities, which is meet for every team member.6 DeliverablesThe projects are monitored from planning to operations. In concurrence with the customers needs, wants and expectations, the project should have to plan towards delivering. The purposes are to complete on time, within budget, with the highest degree of quality, etc. Following are some facts of deliverables Procurement and quash ManagementThe decisions are to be made including selection of contractors and the types of contracts to be utilized.executive SummaryThis should be a clear and concise summary of the period status of the project such as budget, schedule, quality etcProject Activities and DeliverablesThis is to highlight the deliverables occurring the previous month and planning for the next one to report in meeting, audits and other reviews, design packages submitted etc.Action Items/Outstanding IssuesThe action items/ keen issues may be dropped from this section upon full implementation of the remedial and upon no further monitoring anticipated.Product QualityThe product is needed to plan corrective actions for deficient in quality.Internal and Stakeholder CommunicationsIt sho uld have a discussion between the internal members and stakeholder.Environmental MonitoringThe environmental permits may be obtained to specify additional requirements to be adhered.Safety and SecurityIn order to complete the project, safety and security is required for all individuals working. vocation ManagementThis should be the requirement for providing monitoring and oversight of day-to-day maintenance of traffic operations.Project Communications (Media and Public Information)A critical objective for the projects is to maintain the trust, support and confidence of the media and public throughout the project.Human Resources ManagementThis includes how roles and responsibilities for the project. Any other project functions that the project sponsors feel would be in effect(p) to include in the project Management Plan to ultimately do in meeting the project Objectives.7 Organisational structure7.1 Roles And ResponsibilityProject Manager will manage the entire project, assign righ t confinement to the right person, call up the meeting and always take posting of the deadline.Project Engineer will presently assist to project manager with majority in developing and testing the project.Sale Engineer shall have responsibilities of marketing, budget control, banking and purchasing.Technical Engineer manages the technical part and specification of the project.Risk Officer will maintain the projects risk list, safety and security of the entire project.8 Operational ConceptThe project is about the design of the Amphicar-II which is the amphibious vehicle and able to operate as a recreational water vehicle and get off on the land. The aim of the project is to produce an energy efficient, environmentally friendly consumer vehicle and crossing in the slope road to beat the record of Richard Branson set in the Gibbs Aquada (2004).General description of the projectThe project carried into 4 part.a. potation systems engineering management plan (SEMP)b. Draft system requirement specification (SRS)c. Draft functional analysis and parceling (FAA)d. Final system specification (SS)Before we start the project, we formed the organizational group. Then we hit the booksd the work breakdown structure, such as schedule, cost and product testing method. First, we drew the gantt chat for schedule and estimated the cost. Then, we analyzed the platform and risk management and defined resources and types of deliverables.In the second stage, we defined needs and system requirement specifications. The needs include able to travel on road and water, environmentally friendly, energy efficient and cross the English logical argument to beat Gibbs Aquada. The requirements are general, safety, user, environmental, security and privacy and legal requirements.In the third stage, we sketched the functional analysis and allocation. We used the core software to produce the diagram. We sketched the somatic designs and write the component details and matched them. And we drew the flow chart to analyze the system.In the final stage, we performed the system testing and summarized the project. And, we made the modification according to the test result. Then, we prepared the report and handover to the customer.System Requirements Specification (SRS)9 ScopeThe aim of amphicar-II project is to produce an energy efficient, environmentally friendly consumer vehicle that is capable of travelling on road and operating as a recreational water vehicle. Moreover to introduce the vehicle to public, the first type will be used in crossing in the English Channel, beating Richard Bransons record set in the Gibbs Aquada.After years of on the road development, amphibious cars start to introduce to the public which can travel not only on the land also on the water. In this project, we are trying to pursue the new technologies to provide interrupt innovative, efficient, low-priced options for daily life. To concern about this, below will briefly describe what the system all about is according to purpose, operation and maintenance.9.1 System Overview9.1.1 fomite On The RoadHybrid systemHybrid means any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power. 7 It uses the rechargeable energy retentiveness system and uses as power source to drive the vehicle. As concerns increase over global warming, crisscross uses less fuel and causes less pollution to environment as well as easy mode of tran dramaation and lessening.Operation of hybrid system with engineAccording to our needs, we should be using Gasoline-electric Hybrid Structure that can compatible to our aims. This structure includes the following parts to operate as hybrid systemGasoline engine the natural gas engine using in our Amphicar II project will be smaller than other normal car engines but it can financial aid to reduce emissions and increase efficiencyFuel tank the fuel tank in a hybrid acts as an energy storage wile for gasoline engineElectric go the technology of electric labour using at hybrid system is very advance and can be used not only as a motor also as a generator to supply power source to engine. Electric motor can pull energy from the batteries as well as will recharge again while the vehicle is moving. reservoir the generator only produce electric power to the engineBatteries the batteries are the energy storage devices for the electric motor in a hybrid car.As for energy efficiency and environmentally friendly, we have choose to use hybrid technology engine for our amphicar-II. Hybrid system is the wave of the prospective and there is more incentive to purchase one.In our conceptual design for land, the standard production model of Amphicar II will be sport car design and power by larger V-6 engine and more powerful electric motor, with the combination of the concept of plug-in hybrid that will able to go from zero to 62 miles per hour (100 kilo measures per hour) in 3.5 sec and will has a top fastness of 187miles per hour (301 kilometer per hours) with CVTs continuously protean transmission 5 race manual high performance close ratio transmission. It will be the first ever its kind of in amphibian car, which can able to deliver the performance of sport car with maximum fuel efficiency.The vehicle type will be antecedent engine, effort roll up drive with 3.73-1 axle ratio, 2-doors, 4-passengers, convertible top, fitted with four wheel free-living suspension and brake with stainless steel rotor. The amphicar-II will be close to weighs 3,300lbs(1500 kg) and the weigh will be split up 53-47%, with 53% on the drive tires on the front9.1.1.1 OperationThe controls and operation will be completely carlike on the land. On water the accelerator can be use as a throttle and the channelise remains as the same.9.1.1.2 Vehicle StyleThe styling of the amphicar-II body structure will be look a bit like Lamborghini. The dimension of the vehicle is 4 meter in continuance, 2 meter in width and 1.5 meter in big top.9.1.1.3 General Feature Of The VehicleThere will be climate-control system, 4- air bags, tachometer, drivers passengers electric seat, drivers seat memory, speedometer for land and water, cruise control mode, rock oil pressure, engine temperature, voltage meter, gasoline fume detector, bilge ventilation blower, compass, clock, sailing (GPS), auto pilot system in water mode and AM/FM stereo.9.1.2 Vehicle On WaterJet EngineTo provide faster speed with better performance, we decided to use jet engine with lightweight and compact design while driving on the water. though there are different types with varies sizes in jet engines, the technology used in jet engine is all the same. The fact is they depend on the high-pressure column of water pushed out of the engine to propel the boat.To travel on the water our Amphicar-II will be power by Berkeley oceanic Jet with power trim package and it will has capable of speed up to 40mph ( 65 km/h) on water. It will able to pull a water skier easily. The Berkeley Marine jet will be design to be lighter and more compact. It will have half a length and one-third the weight, compare to most other water jet. The impeller will be installing and contain inside the body of the jet, therefore it will be very safe for swimmers. The amphicar-II will have a low speed reversing capability by running the water jet in reverse direction. The steering will be mounted on the back of the stator squiggle nozzle and will connect to the car steering wheel.9.1.2.1 Main corpse MaterialsAnother great thing about this amphicar-II will be long-lasting and attractive. The lower part of the amphicar-II will be lightweight component the 5052-alloy atomic number 13 single piece hull. The upper part of the amphicar-II body will use lightweight fiberglass to minimize the overall weight of the amphicar-II.9.1.2.2 Feature On The Lower Part Of The BodyThe hull will be design to be aerodynamic in r oad mode and hydrodynamic in water mode. It will provide over 1750kg of hydrodynamic lift. It will also provide a stable planning surface allowing the amphicar-II to skin/ monotonic over the surface of the water when given sufficient from the jet. The hull will have a keel fin that will give s directional stability and provide base for high speed handling performance on water. There will be a nebulizer rails and chin either side of the body, it will close out the water spray to the cockpit and ensure the occupants remain dry. Also it will provide grip to give exceptional maneuverability.9.1.2.3 Special FeatureThe hull will be pack with floatation foam and the amphicar-II will not sink if it knocked at the bottom part of the body. It will only float on the water in the worst scenario, but it would not sink.9.1.2.4 Special Feature Of abatementThis amphicar-II will have retractable 4 points independent front and rescind suspension system. By retracting its four wheels up to within the wheels housing, it will prevent from the wheel dragging to the water and will increase its water performance, and better manoeuvre ability. Also it will automatically decouple when the engine no longer drives them. The hydraulic rams that move the control arm suspended ecological niche up and down, also serve as automatic ride height control.9.1.3 Mode TransitionThere will be mode selection switch, to neuter either water mode or land mode. The mode selection switch will interlock with water sensor, to prevent from ever-changing to water mode while driving on the road. So that to change from land to water mode, the water sensor has to detect enough water depth in order to retract the four wheels. The switch will also have a cover to prevent from accidentally change by reversal of mode select switch.By pressing the mode selector handout to marine mode, it will drops the clutch, disengages the road drive, removes the transmission into aquatic duty, retract the wheels, the jet drive kick in and take off in water. All this process will take place within 10 sec.The abjuration of the wheel will be as same as what AQUADA used but only difference is that the wheels are retracted upwardly and aluminium plates will be occupied firmly without leak aging at the place of the wheels. So the entire Amphicar looks like totally as a boat floating on the water surface confidently. In order to prevent leaks, this Amphicar-II has covered with a single frame using aluminum metal.9.1.4 PerformanceIt will be like a sport car on the road and speedboat on the water.9.1.5 MaintenanceFrequent hull inspections at panel seams and joints are essential. The user should check and clean after cruising in salt or brackish water is a thorough hosing with caller water for the entire hull and all exposed suspension and maritime propulsion components.Items need to be check by service engineers are lists down below,1. Road test2. Wash oil separate out cap and breather3. Wash air filte r and carburetor4. revitalize filter5. Wash out the petrol pump6. Clean petrol gage of three way cock7. take in fan belt niggardliness and dynamo mounting bolts8. nurse cooling and heating system9. Clean sparking plugs10. Renew sparking plugs11. defy and clean dynamo and starter motor12. Check and tighten cylinder head nuts13. Check valve clearance (cold) adjust if necessary14. Check ignition clean and adjust contact points15. Check engine, gearbox, radiator and exhaust mountings16. Check brake and clutch pedal travel, also handbrake17. Check the gear shift mechanism18. Check play of steering, adjust if necessary19. Check tightness of steering mounting bolts and linkage20. Check play of stub axle bolts, re tighten if necessary21. Check steering knuckle arm play, re tighten if necessary22. Check brake hoses for condition and leaks23. Check front and rear hub bearing adjustment24. Check shock absorber mounting and coil springs25. Check function of door hinges and locks26. Chec k weather-strips and sealers for condition. Apply talc gunpowder to door sealers27. Check the vehicle for water tightness28. Check function of all Bowden cables29. Check tightness of exhaust flange to manifold30. Check all bolts, screws and nuts of body, retighten31.Check wheel studs for tightness, retighten if necessary32.Check tire pressures33.Interchange road wheels to correspondence wear34.Check toe-in align if necessary35.Wash Bilge pump and strainer36.Check operation of all electrical components, adjust headlamps37.Wipe clean door handles, gear shift, and steering wheel38.Test run, final inspection, check idling of engine, adjust if necessaryItems to be service during maintenance.1. Grease castor rods2. Grease steering universal joints2a. Check steering box oil level3. Grease stub axle4. Grease axles tubes5. commemorate fr